""In Life, God doesn't give us the people we want...
but instead, He gives us the people we need, to teach us,
to hurt us, to love us and to make us exactly the way we should be...."
Five (5) lessons to make you think about the way we treat people.
1 - First Important Lesson - Cleaning Lady.
During my second month of college, our professor
gave us a pop quiz. I was a conscientious student
and had breezed through the questions until I read
the last one:
"What is the first name of the woman who cleans the school?"
Surely this was some kind of joke. I had seen the
cleaning woman several times. She was tall,
dark-haired and in her 50s, but how would I know her name?
I handed in my paper, leaving the last question
blank. Just before class ended, one student a sked if
the last question would count toward our quiz grade.
"Absolutely," said the professor. "In your careers,
you will meet many people. All are significant. They
deserve your attention and care, even if all you do
is smile and say "hello."
I've never forgotten that lesson. I also learned her
name was Dorothy.
2. - Second Important Lesson - Pickup in the Rain
One night, at 11:30 p.m., an older African American
woman was standing on the side of an Alabama highway
trying to endure a lashing rainstorm. Her car had
broken down and she desperately needed a ride.
Soaking wet, she decided to flag down the next car.
A young white man stopped to help her, generally
unheard of in those conflict-filled 60s.. The man
took her to safety, helped her get assistance and
put her into a taxicab.
She seemed to be in a big hurry, but wrote down his
address and thanked him. Seven days went by and a
knock came on the man's door. To his surprise, a
giant console color TV was delivered to his home. A
special note was attached..
It read:
"Thank you so much for assisting me on the highway
the other night. The rain drenched not only my
clothes, but also my spirits. Then you came along.
Because of you, I was able to make it to my dying
husband's bedside just before he passed away... God
bless you for helping me and unselfishly serving
others."
Sincerely, Mrs. Nat King Cole.
3 - Third Important Lesson - Always remember those who serve.
In the days when an ice cream sundae cost much less,
a 10-year-old boy entered a hotel coffee shop and
sat at a table. A waitress put a glass of water in front of him.
"How much is an ice cream sundae?" he asked.
"Fifty cents," replied the waitress.
The little boy pulled is hand out of his pocket and
studied the coins in it.
"Well, how much is a plain dish of ice cream?" he inquired.
By now more people were waiting for a table and the
waitress was growing impatient.
"Thirty-five cents," she brusquely replied.
The little b oy again counted his coins.
"I'll have the plain ice cream," he said.
The waitress brought the ice cream, put the bill on
the table and walked away. The boy finished the ice
cream, paid the cashier and left. When the waitress
came back, she began to cry as she wiped down the
table. There, placed neatly beside the empty dish,
were two nickels and five pennies..
You see, he couldn't have the sundae, because he had
to have enough left to leave her a tip.
4 - Fourth Important Lesson. - The obstacle in Our Path.
In ancient times, a King had a boulder placed on a
roadway. Then he hid himself and watched to see if
anyone would remove the huge rock. Some of the
king's wealthiest merchants and courtiers came by
and simply walked around it. Many loudly blamed the
King for not keeping the roads clear, but none did
anything about getting the stone out of the way.
Then a peasant came along carrying a load of
vegetables. Upon approaching the boulder, the
peasant laid down his burden and tried to move the
stone to the s ide of the road. After much pushing
and straining, he finally succeeded. After the
peasant picked up his load of vegetables, he noticed
a purse lying in the road where the boulder had
been. The purse contained many gold coins and a note
from the King indicating that the gold was for the
person who removed the boulder from the roadway. The
peasant learned what many of us never understand!
Every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve our condition.
5 - Fifth Important Lesson - Giving When it Counts...
Many years ago, when I worked as a volunteer at a
hospital, I got to know a little girl named Liz who
was suffering from a rare & serious disease. Her only
chance of recovery appeared to be a blood
transfusion from her 5-year old brother, who had
miraculously survived the same disease and had
developed the antibodies needed to combat the
illness. The doctor explained the situation to her
little brother, and asked the little boy if he would
be willing to give his blood to his sister.
I saw him hesitate for only a moment before taking a
deep breath and saying, "Yes I'll do it if it will
save her." As the transfusion progressed, he lay in
bed next to his sister and smiled, as we all did,
seeing the color returning to her cheek. Then his
face grew pale and his smile faded.
He looked up at the doctor and asked with a
trembling voice, "Will I start to die right away".
Being young, the little boy had misunderstood the
doctor; he thought he was going to have to give his
sister all of his blood in order to save her.
44 comments:
(Collective behavior)
T. Quima
Collective behavior
1.behavior that are not guided by group norms.
2.convergence perspective-premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces w/in the individual.
Emergent norm perspective-states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
3. crowd
1. A large number of persons gathered together
2. The common people; the populace.
transitory grp. of persons in an ambiguous and to some degree ,unstructured situation where participants do not have a clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to behave.
Characteristics:
Uncertainly ,feasibility& timelessness
Example:
Casual crowd- spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
Conventionalized crowd-established regular ways of behaving.
Acting crowd-an active ,volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue.
4. mass
masses The body of common people or people of low socioeconomic status
Characteristics:
Made of members coming from all social strata of society and all walks of life.
Composed of anonymous individuals.
5.Public
• The community or the people as a whole.
• A group of people sharing a common interest
can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest group.
6.How does the public influenced the mass media
political and commercials public relation, advertising campaigns, and propaganda w/c directly attempt to influence public opinion.
7.Social movement
type of collectivity composed of people who shares sentiments or grievances who uniteto promote or resists change.
8.types of social movement
expressive movement-form of dissent against the existing power structures.
Resistance and protests movements-it aims to change existing social values and institutions w/c members consider decadent.
Reform movement- directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power relations in social system.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
Non- violent and peaceful revolutions- notable and unique type of revolution.
(Collective behavior )
G. Calso
1.refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way.
2.convergence perspective-premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces w/in the individual.
Emergent norm perspective-states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
3. crowd
a. A group of people united by a common characteristic, as age, interest, or vocation: the over-30 crowd.
b. A group of people attending a public function; an audience
c. A large number of things positioned or considered together.
Characteristics:
Uncertainly ,feasibility& timelessness
Example:
Casual crowd- spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
Conventionalized crowd-established regular ways of behaving.
Acting crowd-an active ,volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue.
4. mass
-relating to, characteristic of, directed at, or attended by a large number of people
made up of number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus.
Characteristics:
Made of members coming from all social strata of society and all walks of life.
Composed of anonymous individuals.
5.Public
dispersed collective, includes the elementary processes of milling and rumors.
can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest group.
6.How does the public influenced the mass media..
political and commercials public relation, advertising campaigns, and propaganda w/c directly attempt to influence public opinion.
7.Social movement
type of collectivity composed of people who shares sentiments or grievances who unite to promote or resists change.
8.types of social movement
expressive movement-form of dissent against the existing power structures.
Resistance and protests movements-it aims to change existing social values and institutions w/c members consider decadent.
Reform movement- directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power relations in social system.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
Non- violent and peaceful revolutions- notable and unique type of revolution.
Collective Behavior
(By L. Avila)
The term "collective behavior" was first used by Robert E. Park, and employed definitively by Herbert Blumer, to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way. Some examples of collective behavior are a religious revival, a panic in a burning theatre, an outbreak of swastika painting, a change in popular preferences in toothpaste, the Russian Revolution, and a sudden widespread interest in body piercing. Since such events occur when social prescriptions are not clear, they exemplify neither conformity nor deviance. The claim that such diverse episodes all belong to a single field of inquiry is a theoretical assertion with which not all sociologists will agree. However, Herbert Blumer and Neil Smelser do agree, so that the formulation must satisfy some sociological minds. Collective behavior, in the sense of what's written in the wiki, appears to have to do with emergent norms in a collective, such as that of a crowd. On the other hand, collective action (again in terms of its wiki) seems to have to do with economic actors who are cooperating in order to achieve market goals. I won't try to justify the use of vague language to label both wikis, except to say that a description of a "behavior" leaves more open to emphasize the causes of said behaviors, and does not seem to presume agency and volition; while a description of an "action" lends more emphasis to the possibility of the effects of some behavior, and presupposes some notion of (rational) agency; and if so, then both lend themselves to the way they're being used in each respective wiki. But maybe that's just me. Lucidish 00:49, 22 April 2006 (UTC) Collective behavior: "activity in which a large number of people reject and/or do not conform to conventional ways of acting. Behavior of this kind is often described as less "institutionalized" than ordinary behavior." More or less what the wiki says. Collective action: "the pursuit of goals by more than one person. As an explanation of social movements, this perspective looks at integration and cleavage factors and seeks to explain what is dissimilar about collective action at different times and in different places". This seems compatible, though different, from the present wiki. But I don't think that's a difference in underlying meaning, but a difference in usage relative to disciplines. The paper offers a conceptualization of collective behavior and action incidents, defining them as suffused by socio-cultural emergence, inextricably dramaturgical in nature, exhibiting a limited range of dominant emotions, carried out by five master social units (masses, publics, associational networks, social movement organizations, and small groups), and located both in time and space as well as in social spaces reflecting issues associated with master categories of age, race/ethnicity, class/occupation, gender/sex, and ethnocentrism/nationalism. It then applies the scheme to student riots in the 1990s in the United States. the crowd, . Smelser and others have proposed three corresponding forms of the crowd: the panic, in which fear is the dominant emotion, the craze, which is an expression of joy, and the hostile outburst, which is characterized by anger. which expresses a common emotion from a public, in which a single issue is discussed. A public exists for every issue being discussed at a particular time, so that there are as many publics as there are issues, each public coming into being when its To the crowd and the public, Blumer added a third form of collective behavior, the mass. It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audienceissue is first raised and going out of being when the issue is resolved. Social movements typically have a structure and persistence which distinguishes them from the other three forms of collective behavior, and for this reason they are often considered to be a separate topic. There have never been many specialists in collective behavior.
Daniel Marinduque BSBA Banking and Finance
RIZAL: TF 11:30 - 13:00
Assignement:
Chapter 13
1.)Why did Rizal leave Philippines , his friends, and his family fro the second time?
-Rizal Left Philippines, his friends, and family for the second time because he was hounded by powerful enemies and the only way he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with grater efficiency is by writing in foreign countries.
2.)What observation did Rizal have as written in his diary?
-First the unpopulated and lonely dessert which bares mountaians. On May 8, as he woke up, he saw animals and plants; horses, oxen, and trees, on the same day, he began to see flowers and at a distance a mountain covered with snow. The day after, they passed through more rocky mountains after which was followed by a tunnel which the train had to travel through. On may 10 they reached Nebraska , described by Rizal as aplain country, and the Missouri River which was twice as wide as the Pasig River . The day after Rizal reached Chicago noticing that every cigar store has an Indian picture on them.
3.)What were the positive and negative impression Rizal had of the United States ?
-Positive impressions
a. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge
farms, flourishing industries and busy factories
b. The drive and energy of the American people.
c. The natural beauty of the land
d. The high standard of living.
e. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
-Negative impressions
a. he lack of racial quality – there existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans speak so much of but do not practice.
Chapter 14
1.) Why did he choose London to be his second home during his second journey to Europe ?
a. To improve his knowledge of the English language.
b. To study and annotate Morgas Sucesos delas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Musuem.
c. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
2.) Why was Rizal attracted to Gertrude Becket?
-Rizal was attracted to Gestrude because she gave Rizal all her attention, she helped and assisted with Rizal painting and sculpting. Because of this Rizal found an exhilarating joy in Gertrudes company.
3.) How was he able to gain access to historical material and documents at the British Museum ?
-Because Rizal came to know Dr. Rost, the librarian o the ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan language and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizals learning and character, and he gladly recommended Rizal to the authorities of the British Museum .
4.) Why did Rizal annotate Morgas Sucesos dles Filipinas?
-Because according to Rizal, the work of Morgas is excellent, Morgas was modern scholarly explorer, he also does not have the superficiality and exaggeration which are found amongst the Spaniards.
5.) What preparations did Rizal take for the annotation?
-Rizal spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum poring over the pages of this books and labourisly reading the old histories of the Philippines.
Note: i can't seem to find a way to download files from your blog concerning the subject po. If i may ask how to?
thanks poh..
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collective behavior
1.) The term "collective behavior" was first used by Robert E. Park, and employed definitively by Herbert Blumer, to refer to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way
2.)A. CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE => this explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual.
B. EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE => it states that collective behavior is not characterized by unaminity but by different in expressions and emotions.
C. SMELER'S VALUE ADDED APPROACH=> certain conditions which are the following a. structural conduciveness which means that there exist certain social conditions for collective behavior to be possible, b. structural strain which is brought by a gap between expectations and reality,resulting in conflict or problems, c. generalized belief, which is brought about by the inability of participants to define and analyze the problem, d. precipitating facors in the form of dramatic events, which may trigger collective response, e. mobilization of participants to join the action after the precipitation, f. the ineffevtiveness of the means of social control.
3.)crowd is said to be a transitory group of persons in an ambigunous and to some degree, unstructured situation where participants do not hve a clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to behave, but feel that somethimg can be done.
A. CASUAL CROWD is a spontaneous.loosoly organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come anf go.
B. CONVENTIONALIZED CROWD is a characterized by esablished regular ways of behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities.
C. ACTING CROWD is the type most observed by sociologist, example of acting crowd are riots, mobs,panic,unruly strikes and rallies.
D.PANICS are situatios in which people are largely affected by fear, such as stampedes.
E.EXPRESIVE CROWD is characterized by rhythmic activity,intense emotional contagion and emotional release.
4.) MASS is a diffused collectivity, it is made up of a number ofd disparate individuals.
5.) PUBLIC is a dispersed collective and like the crowd, it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor.
6.)How does the public influenced the mass media
political and commercials public relation, advertising campaigns, and propaganda w/c directly attempt to influence public opinion.
7.)SOCIAL MOVEMENT is a type of collectivity composed of people who share sentiments or grievances who unite or resist change.
8.)many types of social movement they are agrarian reforms,wage hikes,human rights,religious movements and many more.
Collective Behavior
K. Salvado
Collective Behavior it is a kind of group behavior characterized by spontaneous development of form and organization,who contradict or reinterpret the norms of the group.Turner and Killian(1987:3 define collective behavior as “form of social behavior in which the usual convention cease guide social actions an people collectively transcend,bypass, or subvert institutional pattern and structures.”For Zanden(1993:400),collective behavior refers to “ways of thinking,feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people which are relatively spontaneous and unstructured.Collectivebehavior occurs in times of rapid social change.
From the earliest recorded time,people have manifestedvarius types of mass behavior:riots,crowds,religious revivals,and rebellions(Zanden 1993:400).In the Philippines,collective behavior occurs in the form of demonstrations,rumors,protests,riots,coup d` etat,cults,religious revival, and even revolutions.Although collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional,irrational, and spontaneous,recent studies reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion.It occurs in situations of stress and social change, and iss charactherized by some degree of emotion.
CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE this explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual.The participants in collective behavior have common characteristics such as similarity in social positions based on income,education,class,and relative deprivation.The critocism to this perspective is that the homogeneityof the group is over simplified as interaction takes place between individuals wether or not they are of similar characteristics.EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE it states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.Members who have come together have divergent views,some act spontaneouslywith each other,others express what they feel,and still others are restrained in their behavior. SMELER`S VALUE ADDED APPROACH
1.)Structural conduciveness;which means that there exist certain social conditions for collective behavior to be possible.
2.)Structural Stain;which is brought about by a gap between expectations and reality,resulting in conflict or problems.
3.)Generalized Belief;which is brought about by the inability of participants of define and analyze problem.
4.)Precipitating factors in the form of dramatic events,which may tigger collective response. 5.)Mobilizations of participants to join the action after the precipitation.Rallies and demonstrations after Ninoy’s assassination continued,dramatized by the throwing of yellow confetti along Ayala St.in Makati.In 1986,the people called up friends and Cardinal Sin appealed for people to go to EDSA to express their indignation.Likewise,on January 16,2001,following the walk-out of the prosecutors in Pres.Estrada’s impeachment trial,there was widespread texting and appeals by Cardinal Sin and former Pres.Aquino to go to the EDSA shrine.
6.)The ineffectiveness of the means of social control.With the increased intensity and zeal of mass actions,as demonstrated by the protest rallies and demonstrations after the assassinationof Sen.Aquino,social control becomes ineffective.When the forces of social control fail to check the collective action,the collective behavior continues.
Crowd,Herbert Blumer`s description of the important features of the crowd is embodied is hwat is known as the contagiontheory.Milling is the aimless,restless movement of the members,which may take the form of physical and verbal activity.
TyPES OF CROWD
1.)The casual crowd is a spontaneous,loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
2.)The conventionalized crowd is characterized by established regular ways of behaving,defending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities.
3.)The acting crowd is the type most observed by sociologists.
This is an active,volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controvercial or provocative issue which arouses action,if not indignation (Light and Keller,1982:523).
4.)Panics are situations in which people are largely affected by fear,such as stampedes.
5.)The expressive crowd is characterized by rhythmic activity,intense emotional contagion,and emotional release..
The Mass is a diffused collectivity.It is made up of a numbe of disparate individuals,each corresponding independently to the samestimulus.Blumer(1946:185-186)characterizes the mass as made up of members coming from all social strataof society and all walks of life.The mass has no social organization no established leader,no structure of statuses and roles.Mass behavior may be seen in migration,evacuation, and rushes to mining sitesor to reported sites of miracle and faith healers.
Fashion;is applied to short-lived,socially approvedvariations in clothing and adorement,art,housing,furniyures and other area of behavior.changes in fashion are continuous.Fads;they involveminor modifications,are passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviation from the conventional behavior.Crazes;are nw activities which excite persons who become subsequently preoccupied,it rapidly generate interest,but are usually very fleeting in duration and the excitement collapses suddenly.
Public,a form of collectibe behavior in which members are confronted by issues that they discuss,argue,debate,compomise, and form composite views.Public Opinion;were form when individual opinions form a accessible issue produced by mass media are collected and communicated to leaders who are empowered to render in decisions.public opinion can be stressed through the ballots or reperendum,letters,petitions,delegations,meetings, and interest groups.The dispersed collective and like the crowd,it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor.Public is face in the issue in which they have the right to agreeor disagree.
Mass Media plays an important role.,function as an agent of socialization.The social heritage of the gtoup its knowledge,norms,values,are transmitted to the audiences.
Social Movements;is a type of collectivity composed of people who share sentiments.social movements are a function of a level of social and economic depriviation of a group.
Types of Social Movements(that emphasize social change).Agrarian Reform,wages hikes,humn rights,protection of the environment,peace,a gunless society,pro-life,feminist,political and economic changes.Social Movements,have been classified from the short-lived organization to the widespreadand producted revolutionary movements.
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
Collective behavior have no single definition, it is a form of social behavior in which an agreement specially between nations stop to guide social actions. It is developed in a large number of people that are unstructured. They are the people who have the same thoughts, expressions, and emotions. It occurs in the form of demonstrations, rumors , protest, riot s, religious revivals and etc. There are some theoretical explanations about the collective behavior. First, is a homogeneous perspective wherein the participants have similarities in social positions, education, expressions, and emotions and it is called convergence perspective. Second, is the opposite of the convergence perspective. It is called emergent norm perspective in which the participants have different beliefs and finally, the value added approach. It refers to some conditions which may bring about collective behavior. These are structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized belief, precipitating factors in the form of dramatic events, mobilization of participants and the ineffectiveness of the means of social control. The form of collective behavior include crowd, mass, public, and social movement.
Crowd is a group of persons who are not the same and do not know how to behave. There are 5 major types of crowd. The first one is the casual crowd which is loosely organized, it can be seen in the midnight sales on malls. Second, the conventionalized crowd where members establish regular way of behaving. Examples of it are ballgames, boxing bouts, and new year’s eve parties. Third is the acting crowd, for example, a celebrity is absorbed by the press people. Fourth is a situation in which people are largely affected by fear, it happens when a building burns, a ship sinks, or when there is an earthquake. It is called panic. The last one is the expressive crowd which is characterized as a rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion and etc. Mass is composed of individuals responding independently. Mass behavior is observed in a national or international event, a sensation wise trial, public scandal or dramatic events. Fashion, fad, and craze are form of mass interaction diffused collectivities. Fashion is applied to short-lived socially approved variations in clothing, adornments, art, housing, furniture, and other areas of behavior. Fads are passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. A craze are new activities which excite persons who become subsequently preoccupied.
In the public, members are confronted by issues. Public opinion is formed by decision-making and expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meeting, and interest groups. The public is influenced by mass media through newspapers, radio, and television. When the collective behavior process become so organized that rules and norms are established and a leader arises, it assumes the proportion of social movement. Social movements emphasize social changes and emerges from stressful changes in ones environment which bring about dissatisfaction with the existing conditions. The types of social movements are expressive movement, resistance and protest movements, and under this movement is reform movement.
(Collective behavior )
G. Calso
COllective behavior refers to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way.
the theoretical formulations have been given to the describe the conditions that bringing about collective behavior.Among these are convergence perspective-premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces w/in the individual.
Emergent norm perspective-states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
crowd define as
a. A group of people united by a common characteristic, as age, interest, or vocation: the over-30 crowd.
b. A group of people attending a public function; an audience
c. A large number of things positioned or considered together.
Characteristics of a crowd are
Uncertainly ,feasibility& timelessness
Examples are:
Casual crowd- spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
Conventionalized crowd-established regular ways of behaving.
Acting crowd-an active ,volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue.
mass relating to, characteristic of, directed at, or attended by a large number of people
made up of number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus.
Characteristics are;
Made of members coming from all social strata of society and all walks of life.
Composed of anonymous individuals.
Public is a dispersed collective, includes the elementary processes of milling and rumors.
can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest group.
How does the public influenced the mass media?..
political and commercials public relation, advertising campaigns, and propaganda w/c directly attempt to influence public opinion.
Social movements are
type of collectivity composed of people who shares sentiments or grievances who unite to promote or resists change.
the types of social movement are
expressive movement-form of dissent against the existing power structures.
Resistance and protests movements-it aims to change existing social values and institutions w/c members consider decadent.
Reform movement- directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power relations in social system.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
Non- violent and peaceful revolutions- notable and unique type of revolution.
(Collective behavior )
G. Calso
COllective behavior refers to social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions), but which emerge in a "spontaneous" way.
the theoretical formulations have been given to the describe the conditions that bringing about collective behavior.Among these are convergence perspective-premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces w/in the individual.
Emergent norm perspective-states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
crowd define as
a. A group of people united by a common characteristic, as age, interest, or vocation: the over-30 crowd.
b. A group of people attending a public function; an audience
c. A large number of things positioned or considered together.
Characteristics of a crowd are
Uncertainly ,feasibility& timelessness
Examples are:
Casual crowd- spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
Conventionalized crowd-established regular ways of behaving.
Acting crowd-an active ,volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue.
mass relating to, characteristic of, directed at, or attended by a large number of people
made up of number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus.
Characteristics are;
Made of members coming from all social strata of society and all walks of life.
Composed of anonymous individuals.
Public is a dispersed collective, includes the elementary processes of milling and rumors.
can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest group.
How does the public influenced the mass media?..
political and commercials public relation, advertising campaigns, and propaganda w/c directly attempt to influence public opinion.
Social movements are
type of collectivity composed of people who shares sentiments or grievances who unite to promote or resists change.
the types of social movement are
expressive movement-form of dissent against the existing power structures.
Resistance and protests movements-it aims to change existing social values and institutions w/c members consider decadent.
Reform movement- directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power relations in social system.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
Non- violent and peaceful revolutions- notable and unique type of revolution.
Collective behavior (L.Magana)
Collective behavior is a part of everyday life in society and therefore, its study of this socio-psychological concept is important. It may not call for cultural norms, but it is an indicator of change. As a result of collective behavior, a new social order may come into being, social reforms are instituted and outworn social structures are discarded. Collective behavior, inspite of its transitory nature, it has virtually an during significance.
The important features are:
The act must be unusual.
The action may be taken by the group of people.
The people involved must influence one another in some way.
This influence must over with little or no planning.
There must be minimal or no organization of the group.
It is spontaneous.
Convergence perspective- the participants in collective behavior have common characteristics such, similarity in social positions on income, education, social class, and relative deprivation.
Emergent norm perspective- members who come together have divergent views, some act spontaneously with each other, others express what they feel still others are restrained in their behavior.
The crowd is a temporary collection of people who are reacting to the same stimulus for a particular period of duration of time. Crowd is said to be transitory group of person in an ambiguous and, to a certain extent, an unstructured and spontaneous situation where the participants do not have a clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to behave but feel that something can be done.
Casual crowd- the participants are gathered because of an event in a happening as they view the event peacefully. Ex. People who are watching an accident or people in a bargain counter.
Conventional crowd- the participants are gathered because of pre-arrangement activity.. ex. The people watching a concert at the rizal park or watching a parade.
Acting crowd- the participants are composed of persons who are actually involved in the activity or event. Ex. Student demonstration, labor groups and jeepney drivers’ rallies. There are 3 forms of acting crowd: the mobs, riots and orgy.
Expressive crowd- the participant in this type of crowd express there emotions through creative actions. Ex. The el shaddai religious rituals and the fertility dance in obando bulacan.
Mass- is a diffused collectivity. It is made up of a number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus.
Fashion- is characterized by a prevailing style of clothing and accessories, hair styles, art house design and furniture and cars.
Fads- refers to the introduction of new objects, new hobbies and variation of speech.
Craze- is characterized by an individual developing an intensely enthusiastic longing for a particular object and is given an unusually high value, and consequently, serves as one of this obsession.
Public- is a dispersed collectivity, like the crowd it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor.
Public opinion may be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest groups.
The mass media have an important role in modern democratic society as the main channel of communication. The population relies on the news media as the main source of information and the basis on which they form their opinions and voting decisions. According to cultural selection theory, any selection of messages in the mass media will thus have a profound effect on the entire society.
Social movements exist in order to achieve order and stability in society. It is one of the major forms of collective behavior. It is usually originates as unplanned, unorganized, undirected grouping of people who are dissatisfied with things. Social movements are differ from the other forms of collective behavior in three ways: it is longer, lasting, more purposeful and goal-oriented, and more structured.
Reactionary- reactionary movements advocate the restoration of the values and behaviors of the past.
Conservative- this movement attempts to protect the status quo and resist change.
Reform- the reformists’ movements seek to modify specific types of social change in various areas of life such as political, economics, social cultural and religious dimension without destroying or changing the entire system.
Revolutionary- seeks to change the whole social order as a means of creating a new one.
Reference: sociology focus on the Philippines by Francisco zulueta and by Isabel panopio…..
Collective behavior (eden a.)
Collective behavior is define as form of social behavior in which the social convention cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend,bypass,or subvert institutional patterns and structures.There is no single definition of the term
Collective behavior and no agreement as it important features.According also for Zanden
Collective behavior refrs to ways of thinking ,feeling and acting that develop among large number of pecple which are relatively spontaneous and structured.
The important features of collective behavior;
-the actions must be taken by the group
-the people involved must influence the member
-it is spontaneous
-there must be minimal or no organization on the group
The various expanations and theoretical formulations have been given
to describe the conditions that bring about collective behavior.
CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE –This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual,
EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE-members who come together divergent views some act.
The crowd range from loosely organize casual groups to the more unified acting and expressive crowds.There are types of crowd;
CASUAL CROWD-is spontaneous loosely organize and very momentarily type of grouping whose members come and go.Members may form inconvenient aggregations
like those gathered around a bargain counter.
CONVENTIONAL CROWD-is characterized by established regular ways of behaving,
depending upon the time of place of performance and order of activities. Members may shout,clap their hands or boo.
ACTING CROWD-is the type most observed by sociologists.
PANICS-are situations in which people where largely affected by fear ,such as stampedes.Example people panic because of fear.
EXPRESSIVE CROWD-is characterized by rhythmic activity intense emotional contagion and emotional release.This type of behavior is observed during major spots event,charismatic sessions,rock concerts and festivals like Ati-atihan in Aklan.
Mass diffused collectivity.It is made up of number of disparate individuals,each responding independently to the same stimulus.Mass may be seen in evacuation,migration,rushes to mining sites, sensational crime trial, public scandal,dramatic event.
Fashion is applied to short lived socially approved variations in clothing and adornment,art,housing,furniture and other areas of behavior.Fads are passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. Crazes are new activities which excite persons who become subsequently pre occupied with these.
Public is a dipressed collective and like the crowds it include s the elementary processes of milling and humor. Also described as group of people interested and divided about the issue. The public influences by mass media by means of discussion, argument and compromise which are not important in mass are important in a public.
Social Movement- when the collective behavior is organized its norms and its rules are established it become social movement, the ability of people to share their sentiments or grievances with each other.
REACTIONARY –movements advocate the restoration of the values and behaviors of the past.
CONSERVATIVE-this movements attempt to protect the status quo and resist change.
REFORM-this movement seek to modify specific types of social movements,they seek to change some aspects of the group.
REVOLUTIONARY-refers to change the whole social order of the group
Reference:SOCIOLOGY FOCUS ON THE PHILLIPINES by ISABELO PANOPIO
Ronelle Balasta
Rizal TF 11:30-1:00 pm
*What observation he had in hongkong that he written in his diary?
To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong , Jose Basa, Rizal likewise eagerly announced the completion of his second novel. Having moved to Ghent to have the book published at cheaper cost, Rizal once more wrote his friend, Basa, in Hongkong on July 9, 1891: "I am not sailing at once, because I am now printing the second part of the Noli here, as you may see from the enclosed pages. I prefer to publish it in some other way before leaving Europe , for it seemed to me a pity not to do so. For the past three months I have not received a single centavo, so I have pawned all that I have in order to publish this book. I will continue publishing it as long as I can; and when there is nothing to pawn I will stop and return to be at your side."
Inevitably, Rizal’s next letter to Basa contained the tragic news of the suspension of the printing of the sequel to his first novel due to lack of funds, forcing him to stop and leave the book half-way. "It is a pity," he wrote Basa, "because it seems to me that this second part is more important than the first, and if I do not finish it here, it will never be finished."
Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in despair for long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizal’s predicament. He offered him financial assistance. Even then Rizal’s was forced to shorten the novel quite drastically, leaving only thirty-eight chapters compared to the sixty-four chapters of the first novel.
*Why did jose rizal attracted to Gertrude Beckett
While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British Museum . Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London , he was able to finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship.
*Why did rizal annotated morga’s sucesos De Las Islas Pilipinas?
What preparation he take for this?
To prove his point and refute the accusations of prejudiced Spanish writers against his race, Rizal annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, written by the Spaniard Antonio Morga. The book was an unbiased presentation of 16th century Filipino culture. Rizal through his annotation showed that Filipinos had developed culture even before the coming of the Spaniards.
While annotating Morga’s book, he began writing the sequel to the Noli, the El Filibusterismo. He completed the Fili in July 1891 while he was in Brussels , Belgium . As in the printing of the Noli, Rizal could not published the sequel for the lack of finances. Fortunately, Valentin Ventura gave him financial assistance and the Fili came out of the printing press on September 1891.
*What were the positive and negative impression Rizal had of the United States ?
-Positive impressions
a. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge
farms, flourishing industries and busy factories
b. The drive and energy of the American people.
c. The natural beauty of the land
d. The high standard of living.
e. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
-Negative impressions
a. he lack of racial quality – there existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans speak so much of but do not practice.
*Why did he choose London to be his second home during his second journey to Europe ?
a. To improve his knowledge of the English language.
b. To study and annotate Morgas Sucesos delas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Musuem.
c. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
*What observation did Rizal have as written in his diary?
-First the unpopulated and lonely dessert which bares mountaians. On May 8, as he woke up, he saw animals and plants; horses, oxen, and trees, on the same day, he began to see flowers and at a distance a mountain covered with snow. The day after, they passed through more rocky mountains after which was followed by a tunnel which the train had to travel through. On may 10 they reached Nebraska , described by Rizal as aplain country, and the Missouri River which was twice as wide as the Pasig River . The day after Rizal reached Chicago noticing that every cigar store has an Indian picture on them.
*Why did Rizal leave Philippines , his friends, and his family fro the second time?
-Rizal Left Philippines, his friends, and family for the second time because he was hounded by powerful enemies and the only way he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with grater efficiency is by writing in foreign countries.
ROVIELYN VELASCO 1-A4
MON. & WED. 7:00-8:30
AMERICAN OCCUPATIONS
The last week in August I visited Israel for my first time. I was there two nights on business. So, obviously I’m an expert on all of the Middle East – just like a traveling Congressman. Or not. Seriously, my eye’s observations enriched my ideas and opinions. My life experiences, learning history and listening to experts got real.
I see the striking similarities and dramatic differences between American Occupation of conquered Iraq and the Israeli Occupation of conquered West Bank and Gaza.
Courage. Courage is in direct proximity to the danger. Our troops in Iraq are not afraid. I saw beautiful, precious Hasidic children playing on the sidewalk in Jerusalem a block from where an Islamist disguised as a Hasidic Jew murdered 22 people the week before. They weren’t afraid. Being children, they reflected the absence of fear from their parents. Many folks in America are scared to death.
Quagmire. Both Occupations are resisted by guerilla terrorists. Yet, neither guerilla war is a quagmire. Vietnam with 300 deaths a week, for week after stinking, lousy week was a quagmire. (Oh, how I feel the rage of contempt and disgust swell with the heartache of utter waste when I think of the names on the Vietnam Wall I knew). The losses in both Occupations are sustainable to nations with the will to win. Certainly, every casualty is a tragedy. But, the personal sacrifice paid for victory is different than a life squandered for nothing when we quit. Israel and the U.S. can prevail in our Occupations.
Winning. The Israelis will win when they apply asymmetric pain to the Islamist terrorists – in ways the Islamists can neither copy nor match. One idea would be to bulldoze more than the family home of the suicide/homicide bombers. Bulldoze the block. Ship the extended family of the bomber into exile (dump them on a Lebanese or Syrian beach) and never let them come back. Never.
Likewise, LTG Rick Sanchez (I last saw Rick when our families said goodbye in Germany. Our oldest and youngest daughters were best buds) has the opportunity to make Occupied Iraq the killing fields of our choosing for the Islamists. We can ambush and kill them. The most devastating tactical fight is the defense-offense (like the battles of Cannae, Austerlitz, Cowpens). “Bring ‘em on.†Winning the tactical and operational successes on the ground, set the strategic, political victory.
Perceptions. Political victory – peace – is based on the perceptions of the combatants. The U.S. has to manage perceptions in Theater, on the Home Front and around the world. It’s tough to wage war and make nice with world opinion and domestic politics.
The Israeli’s have an easier time, domestically, putting the hard necessary ahead of the easy accommodation. Their innocents are murdered more often than ours.
While, I concur with “good fences make good neighborsâ€, Robert Frost is dead. So is wisdom. That’s why Israel should not build an ugly wall to separate Arab from Jew. It’ll look too much like the Berlin Wall. Israel will be on the wrong side – even though they will shoot foreign enemies coming in, whereas, the Communists shot their own citizens going out. The difference between fleeing to freedom vs. breaking and entering to kill women, children and seniors will be lost on the historically illiterate Americans and deliberately ignorant Europeans. The Israelis should build a strip of flowers and grapevines – filled with high tech sensors. It’ll have the same military, economic effect, but be better politically.
Gen. John Abizaid can advise and support Mr. Bremer and the country team to win victory on our terms better than any military officer serving. He is the best. (I last saw John at Grafenwoehr Training Area. I told him how my career was killed and he shared how much he loved being back in the Airborne.) I hope they aren’t building a strong national government. A divided and separated balance of power among Sunni, Shiite, Kurd, Turkman and Christian with a limited central authority would serve their peace and our National Interests for years to come. I doubt that democracy will flourish in Islamic sands. More freedom and autonomy than the people have ever known – and just enough to end their hostility – is possible. If we don’t quit.
Will. Both Occupations can be won. Victory preserves and protects Israel and United States. The enemies of the Occupations must be defeated. It will take a long, long time and lot of will. The Israelis understand generational conflict. They live the will to survive and thrive. America’s will depends on how the odd couple of Liberal Democrats and Isolationist Conservatives and Libertarians fare against reality.
The hate-America-first and wish-we-back-in-Kansas-Dorothies can chip away at American will with their gasping, righteous laments. But, when other 9-11s come, America is more likely to fight back than surrender. The people who can not get their minds around a Munificient Destiny – our Republic with imperial power and responsibilities but without imperial ambitions or over reach – should be the minority until the Islamists are defeated late this century or the next. It depends on who wins the U.S. Culture War.
LEBA AGNES 1-A4
MON. & WED. 7:00-8:30
AMERICAN OCCUPATIONS
The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915 and ended in mid-August, 1934. Other occupations include ones that began in 1994 and 2004 (though these may have been partially under the UN banner, the US was the prime mover of the actions).
Causes
The instability in Haiti provided a potential opening for German influence during the ongoing World War I. In addition, it is alleged that a popular uprising against Haitian dictator Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam threatened American business interests in the country (such as HASCO). In response, American President Woodrow Wilson sent 330 U.S. Marines to Port-au-Prince on July 28, 1915. The specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests. Within six weeks, representatives from the United States controlled Haitian customs houses and administrative institutions. For the next nineteen years, Haiti's powerful neighbor to the north guided and governed the country. During this period, the government of Haiti was effectively under the control of the U.S. Marines.
[edit] Government and opposition
Representatives from the United States wielded veto power over all governmental decisions in Haiti, and Marine Corps commanders served as administrators in the provinces. Local institutions, however, continued to be run by Haitians, as was required under policies put in place during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
Opposition to the Occupation began immediately after the Marines entered Haiti in 1915. The rebels (called "cacos" by the U.S. Marines) vehemently tried to resist American control of Haiti. In response, the Haitian and American governments began a vigorous campaign to disband the rebel armies. Perhaps the best-known account of this skirmishing comes from Marine Major Smedley Butler, who won a Medal of Honor for his exploits, and went on to serve as commanding officer of the Haitian Gendarmerie. (He later expressed his disapproval of the U.S. intervention in his book, "War Is a Racket".)
Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, the mulatto president of the Senate, agreed to accept the presidency of Haiti after several other candidates had refused on principle. In 1917, President Dartiguenave dissolved the legislature after its members refused to approve a constitution written by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, a referendum subsequently approved the new constitution in 1918 (by a vote of 98,225 to 768). While generally a liberal document, the constitution allowed foreigners to purchase land. Jean-Jacques Dessalines had forbidden land ownership by foreigners, and since 1804, most Haitians had viewed foreign ownership as anathema.
[edit] Effects of the occupation on Haiti
The occupation by the United States had several significant effects on Haiti. An early period of unrest culminated in a 1918 rebellion by up to 40,000 former cacos and other disgruntled people. The scale of the uprising overwhelmed the Gendarmerie, but Marine reinforcements helped put down the revolt at an estimated cost of 2,000 Haitian lives.
Thereafter, order prevailed to a degree that most Haitians had never witnessed. The order, however, was imposed largely by white foreigners with deep-seated racial prejudices and disdain for the notion of self-determination by inhabitants of less-developed nations. Such attitudes particularly dismayed Haiti's mulatto elite, who had heretofore believed in their innate superiority over the black masses.
The white American occupiers, however, did not distinguish among Haitians, regardless of their skin tone, level of education, or sophistication. Their intolerance provoked indignation and resentment — and eventually a racial pride that was reflected in the work of a new generation of Haitian historians, ethnologists, writers, artists, and others, many of whom later became active in politics and government. Still, as Haitians united in their reaction to the racism of the occupying forces, the mulatto elite managed to dominate the country's bureaucracy and to strengthen its role in national affairs.
The occupation greatly improved some of Haiti's infrastructure. Roads were improved and expanded through the use of forced labor gangs. This violent form of "corvée labor" — with chain gangs, and armed guards permitted to shoot anyone who fled compulsory service — was widely regarded as tantamount to slavery.
The education system was re-designed from the ground up; however, this involved the destruction of the existing system of "Liberal Arts" education inherited (and adapted) from the French. Due to its emphasis on vocational training, the American system that replaced the French was despised by the elite. Thus, both of the major programs instituted by the government of occupation antagonized the Haitian populace: the use of forced labor enraged the lower classes of rural Haiti, and the educational "reforms" enraged the urban elite.
[edit] Effects of the occupation on U.S. politics
The occupation of Haiti continued after World War I, despite the embarrassment that it caused Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the scrutiny of a congressional inquiry in 1922. By 1930, President Herbert Hoover had become concerned about the effects of the occupation, particularly after a December 1929 incident in Les Cayes, in which Marines killed at least ten Haitian peasants during a march to protest local economic conditions. Hoover appointed two commissions to study the situation. A former governor general of the Philippines, William Cameron Forbes, headed the more prominent of the two.
The Forbes Commission praised the material improvements that the U.S. administration had wrought, but it criticized the exclusion of Haitians from positions of real authority in the government and the constabulary, which had come to be known as the Garde d'Haïti. In more general terms, the commission further asserted that "the social forces that created [instability] still remain — poverty, ignorance, and the lack of a tradition or desire for orderly free government."
The Hoover administration did not fully implement the recommendations of the Forbes Commission; but United States withdrawal was under way by 1932, when Hoover lost the presidency to Franklin Roosevelt, the presumed author of the most recent Haitian constitution. On a visit to Cap-Haïtien in July 1934, Roosevelt reaffirmed an August 1933 disengagement agreement. The last contingent of U.S. Marines departed in mid-August, after a formal transfer of authority to the Garde.
As in other countries occupied by the United States in the early 20th century, the local (U.S.-trained) military was often the only cohesive and effective institution left in the wake of withdrawal. This sowed the seeds for a sequence of military-backed dictatorships, all attached to American patronage, which would define the next
Turner and Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in which the usual conventions cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, bypass, subvert established institutional patterns and structures. Collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional, irrational and spontaneous, but recent researches reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion than was originally believed. Various explanations and theoretical formulations have been given to describe the conditions that bring about collective behavior
.Convergence perspective- the participants in collective behavior have common characteristics such as similarity in social positions based on income, education, social class, and relative deprivation.
Emergent norm perspective- members who come together have divergent views, some acts spontaneously with each other, others express what they feel and still others are restrained in their behavior.
A crowd is a gathering of people who share a purpose or intent and influence one another. Crowds are a common occurrence in modern life. Most sporting events, concerts, and other performances result in the gathering of crowds. Blumer (1951) differentiated four types of crowds:
-Casual - loose collection of people with no real interaction (e.g, people at the mall)
-Conventional - deliberately planned meeting (e.g., community meeting organized by political leaders)
-Expressive - depicts a crowd at an emotionally charged event (e.g., a political rally or soccer game in Europe or Latin America)
-Acting - a crowd intent on accomplishing something (e.g., fans rushing a stage during or after a concert)
The mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Mass behavior may be seen in migration, evacuation, rush tom mining sites or to reprted places of miracles and faith healers.
Fashions, fads, and crazes are forms of diffused collectivities or mass interaction. Fashion is a term that usually applies to a prevailing mode of expression, but quite often applies to a personal mode of expression that may or may not apply to all. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole, while a fad refers to a fashion that becomes popular in a culture relatively quickly, but loses popularity dramatically. Some fads may come back if another generation finds out about it and gets interested in it. Crazes amd fads are hard to differentiate. Crazes are new activities which become important in the life of the community, exciting persons who become subsequently preoccupied with these activities.
Like mass, the public is dispersed collectivity, and like the crowd, it includes the elemetary processes of milling and rumor. The public is faced with an issue, a matter on which the people have the right to agree ir disagree. Public is a disperced group of people interested in and divided about an issue, engaged in discussion of that issue with aview to registeringa collective opinion which is expected to affect course of action of some decition-making group of individuals. Public opinion may be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interests groups . There are also political and commercial public relations and advertising campaignes and propaganda which directly attempt to influence public opinion. Mass media also plays an enfluential role in public opinion formation.
Social movements is an interrelated and coacting unity of person s with some degree of organizational continuity aimed to promote or to resist change in the society of which it is a part. There are various types of social movements :
Expressive movements- it is not directed to bring about chages in power relations but is a kind of response to a sense of powerlessnessor alienation and dissatisfaction.
Reform movements- the most common goal of reform movements is to make the existing social structure work more effectively by extending certain rights or privilages to given groups.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
(Collective Behavior)M. Suyom
The term collective behavior has a specialized meaning in sociology. It refers to conduct which does not reflect existing social structure(laws,conventions, and institutions) but emerges in a spontaneous way. The category excludes conforming events, such as religious rituals and conversation at the dinner table, and also deviant events, such as crime or the exercise of bad manners.The important features are:
*The act must be unusual.
*The action may be taken by the group of people.
*The people involved must influence one another in some way.
*This influence must over with little or no planning.
*There must be minimal or no organization of the group.
*It is spontaneous.
Collective process is a structure different from that of most organizations in that it is not hierarchical. There is no President, no Secretary, no Board of Directors; we do not reach decisions by a vote.How does it work? Making decisions through collective process means a group must reach a consensus, or rather, everyone in the group must agree that a decision is acceptable. How do you accomplish this? Mainly, through group discussion.
Crowd is a numerous collection of persons gathered closely together. These are the examples of the type of crowd: *Conventional crowd- the participants are gathered because of pre-arrangement activity.. ex. The people watching a concert at the rizal park or watching a parade.
*Acting crowd- the participants are composed of persons who are actually involved in the activity or event. Ex. Student demonstration, labor groups and jeepney drivers’ rallies. There are 3 forms of acting crowd: the mobs, riots and orgy.
*Expressive crowd- the participant in this type of crowd express there emotions through creative actions. Ex. The el shaddai religious rituals and the fertility dance in obando bulacan.
Mass is an as assemblage of things that collectively make one quantity.To the crowd and the public, Blumer added a third form of collective behavior, the mass. It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. fashion is the style characteristic of the social elitef while fad is temporary, passing fashion or item that has great appeal to many people for a short period of time, then dies out quickly and craze is a short-lived popular fashion.
Public is the community or the people as a whole.If you took a public opinion poll about polls, odds are that a majority would offer some rather unfavorable views of pollsters and the uses to which their work is put. Many potential respondents might simply slam down their telephones. Yet if you asked whether politicians, business leaders, and journalists should pay attention to the people's voices, almost everyone would say yes. And if you then asked whether polls are, at least, one tool through which the wishes of the people can be discerned, a reluctant majority would probably say yes to that too.
Using mass media can be counterproductive if the channels used are not audience-appropriate, or if the message being delivered is too emotional, fear arousing, or controversial. Undesirable side effects usually can be avoided through proper formative research, knowledge of the audience, experience in linking media channels to audiences, and message testing.
There are four different types of social movement characterized by their different objectives:
*The Identity Movement- Identity movements provide a place for those who share a particular characteristic-ethnic origin, sex, race, religion, creed- to have public voice. Movements provide a context for the discourse that declares discontents to be more than private pain and for isolation of experience to be artificial. Identity movements provide people who had seen themselves as separated and isolated to embrace others and join with them to declare their identity.
*The Integrative Movement- Integrative movements seek to provide groups access to dominant structures of power. They seek to reorient the distribution of societal power to drain more power into the protesting groups.
*Cultural Movements- Cultural movements actively seek to bring about change in the culture through the organizing powers of the movement. They seek to do so through non-institutional means. Their objective is to change the attitudes of the people in the culture and with that change of attitudes their behaviors.
*Political Movements- Like cultural movements, political movements seek change. Unlike cultural movements, political movements seek to gain access to the power of political institutions as the vehicles of their change.
Types of social movement.
Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement:
*scope
1. reform movements- movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms, for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily available.
2. radical movement - movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, the Polish Solidarity (Solidarność) movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy system into democracy and capitalism or the South African shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo which demands the full inclusion of shack dwellers into the life of cities.
*type of change
1. innovation movement - movements which want to enable particular norms, values, etc. The singularitarianism movement advocating deliberate action to effect and ensure the safety of the technological singularity is an example of an innovation movement.
2. conservative movement - movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc. for example, anti-immigration groups. The anti-machines 19th century Luddites movement or the modern movement opposing the spread of the genetically modified food could be seen as conservative movements in that they aimed to fight specific technological changes, however they are progressive in ways that movements that are simply being anti-change (e.g. being anti-immigration) for the sake of it can never be.
*targets
1. group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party political system.
2. individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious movements would fall under this category.
*methods of work.
Mohandas Gandhi created the famous peaceful social movement advocating Indian independencepeaceful movements, which are seen to stand in contrast to 'violent' movements, but in reality rely on such force. Mentioned American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity movement or Mahatma Gandhi civil disobedience movements would fall into this category
1. violent movements - various armed movements, which does not include terrorist organisations. e.g. the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Rote Armee Fraktion.
2. terrorist movements - Hezbollah, Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) or Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) movements.
*old and new
1. old movements - movements for change have existed since the beginning of society, most of the 19th century movements fought for specific social groups, such as the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.). They were usually centered around some materialistic goals like improving the standard of living or, for example, the political autonomy of the working class.
2. new movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement, free software movement, gay rights movement, peace movement, anti-nuclear movement, alter-globalization movement, etc. Sometimes they are known as new social movements. They are usually centered around issues that go beyond but are not separate from class.
*range
1. global movements - social movements with global objectives and goals. Movements such as the first, second, third and fourth internationals (where Marx and Bakunin met), World Social Forum, the PGA and the anarchist movement seek to change society at a global level.
2. local movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are based on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area, lobbying for the lowering of tolls in a certain motorway, or squatting a building about to be demolished for gentrification Aand turning it into a social centre.
3. multi-level movements - social movements which recognize the complexity of governance in the 21. Century and aim to have an impact at the local, regional, national and international levels.
references: *www.yahoo.com
*webster comprehensive dictionary
*SOCIOLOGY FOCUS ON THE PHILLIPINES by ISABELO PANOPIO
The term collective behavior has a specialized meaning in sociology. It refers to conduct which does not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions) but emerges in a spontaneous way.A crowd is a gathering of people who share a purpose or intent and influence one another. Crowds are a common occurrence in modern life. Most sporting events, concerts, and other performances result in the gathering of crowds. casual - loose collection of people with no real interaction (e.g, people at the mall)
conventional - deliberately planned meeting (e.g., community meeting organized by political leaders)
expressive - depicts a crowd at an emotionally charged event (e.g., a political rally or soccer game in Europe or Latin America)
acting - a crowd intent on accomplishing something (e.g., fans rushing a stage during or after a concert. The mass acts not by the expression of a common emotion as does the crowd, nor by discussion as does the public, but by the simultaneous and independent action of the participants. A public exists for every issue being discussed at a particular time, so that there are as many publics as there are issues, each public coming into being when its issue is first raised and going out of being when the issue is resolved.It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. The invention of printing made masses possible, and they have become more prominent still with the invention of each of the other mass media.
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
(M.V Paulite)
behavior that are not guided by group norms are called COLLEVTIVE BEHAVIOR. there is no to its single definition of the term collevtive behavior, and no agreement as to its important features. it is a kind of group behavior charactrized by spontaneous development of form and organization, which contradict or reinterpret the norms of the group. this is contrast to organ ized or institutionalized behavior which is regilated by established group norms and clearly dfined roles and positions. collective behavior occurs in times of rapid social change.
Various explanations and theoritical formulations have been given to describe the conditionds that bring about collective behavior. among these one! CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE. this explanation is premisedon the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual. EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE, this view was ihitiated by turner and killian. it states that collective behavior is not characterized by unamily but by differences in expressions and emotions, SMELER'S VALUE ADDED APPROACH. smelers notes certain conditions, which may bring about collective behavior. these are stractural conduciveness, stractural strain, generalized belief, participitating factors in the form dramatic events, mobilization of participants to join the action after the participitation the ineffectiveness of the means of social control.
a CROWD is said to be a transitory group of persons in an ambiguous and, to some degree, unstructured ditution where participants do not have a clear and pre- existing knbowledge of how to behave, but feel that something can be done, blummer classifices crowds into casual,conventional,acting and expressive.
CASUAL CROWD is a spotenous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go. members may form inconvenient aggregations like thos gatherred around a bargain counter, a celebrity, or in midnight sales in malls.
CONVENTIONALIZED CROWD is characterized by established regular ways of behaving, depending upon the time and place of prformance and order of activities. members may form in convenient aggregations like thore gathered around a bargain counter, a celebrity, or in midnight sales in malls.
ACTING CROWD is the type most observed by sociologis. this is an active, volatig group of excited persons whose attention is focused in a controversial or pro active issue which arouses action, if not indignation. riots, mobs, panics, unruly strikesand rallies are examles of acting crowds.
PANICS are situtions in which people are largely affected by fear, such as stampedes. panic sitution happen when a building burns, a chip sinks or when those is an earthquake.
EXPRESSIVE CROWD characterized by rhythmic activity. unrestained physical movements like clapping, singing, dancing,shaking, rolling, or crying in frenzied activity are distinvt features of this crowd.
MASS is a deffused collectivity. it is made uo of a number of disprate individuals, each responding independenly to the same stimulus. the mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statues and roles.
FASHION is applied to short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adorment,art,housing,furniture and other areas of behavior.
FADS are passing fancies or novelities related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. they involve minor modifications or decoretion of dresses, mannerism, and use of slang words and other verbal expressions.
CRAZES are new activities which excite persons who become subsequently preoccupied with these. "transient infatution" is the apt phrase start gives to describe a craze. craze rapidly generate interest but are usually very fleeting in duration and the excitement collapses suddenly.
PUBLIC is a dispersed collective and like the crowd. it inclides the elementary processes of milling and rumor. disagreement, discussion snd compomise- which are not import in a mass are important in a public. the public, in tumor and killains deffinition is "a dispresed group of people interestd in and divided about an issue. engage in discussion of that issue with a view to registering a collevtive oponion which is expected to affect the coarse of action of some decisions making group of individuals . unlike the mass, whis is cofronted by a problematic sitution, the public is faced with ian issue on which thy have the night to agree or dis agree
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS when collective behavior persist and develops a considerable degree of organization it becomes a social movement. a social movement is a type of collectivity composd of people who share sentiments or grievances who write to promote or resist change. it is directed toward changing th established norms, values or social stuctures. the most types are the expression the resistance and protest, the reform and the revolutionary movements.
EXPRESIVE MOVEMENT ia a form of dissent against the existing power structure. it is not directe to bring about changes in power relations; rather it is a reaction to a sense of powerlessness or alienations and dissatisfaction.
RESISTANCE AND PROTEST MEVEMENTS is brought about by structural strains; it aims to vhange existing social values and institutions which members consider decant.
REFORM MOVEMENTS are directed at changing certain aspcts of rhe social class structures or a segment of the power relations in a social system. rebellion and revolutionary movements aim to changes the whole social order and replace the leadership. they challenge the existing folkways and ,ores and porpese a new scjame of norms, values and organizations.
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
(v.j Prudentino)
It is a kind of group behevior characterized by spontaneous development of form and organization, which contradictor reinterpret the norms of the group.
Turner and Killian (1987:3): forms of social behavior in which te usual convention cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, bypass, oe subvert institutional patternsand structures.
Zanden (1993:400):ways of thinking, feeling, and acting develop among large number of paople which are relatively spontaneous and unstructured.
Collective Behavior occurs in the form of demonstrations rumors, protest, riots, coup d' etat, cults, religous revivals, and even revolutions.
A number of theoritical frameworks have been formulated to discribe the conditions that bring about collective behavior.
CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE this explanation premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within individual.
ENERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE it states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by defferences in expressions and emotions.
VALUE ADDED APPROACH it can be used to asses the behavior involved and work out some forms of social control.
CROWD is said to be a transitory group of persons in an ambiguous and, ti some degree, unstructured situation where participants do not have clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to behave but feel that something can be done.
CASUAL CROWD is a spontaneously, loosely organized and very momentary tipen of grouping whose members come and go.
CONVENTIONALIZED CROWD is characterized by established regular ways of behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities.
ACTING CROWD this is an active, volatile group of exited persons whose attention is focused on controversial or provocative issue which arrouse action, if not indignation.
PANICS are situation in which people are highly affected by fear, such as stampedes.
EXPRESSIVE CROWD is characterized by rhythmic activity,intense, emotional contagion, and emotional release.
MASS is composed to disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus in a similar way.
FASHION is applied to short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adornment,art,housing, furniture and other areas of behavior.
FADS are passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior.
CRAZES are new activities which exite persons who become subsequently preoccupied with these.
PUBLIC is a dispersed collective and, like the crowd, it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor.
PUBLIC OPINION can be expressed through the ballots and referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, mettings and interest group.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS when collective behavior persists and develops a considerable degree of organizaion.
EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENT is a form of dissent against the existing power structures.
RESISTANCE AND PROTEST MOVEMENT is brought about by structural strain; aim to oppose social policies and program.
REFORM MOVEMENTS are derected at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segments of the power relations in a social system.
Collective behavior kind of group behavior characterized by spontaneous
Development of form and organization which contradict or reinterpret the
Or group there is no single definition of the term collective behavior
And no agreement as to its important features.
Covergence perpective promised on the idea that human behavior is
Determined by forces within the individual emergent norm perpective not
Characterized by unamity but by the difference in expressions and emotions
Crowd transitory group of persons in an ambiguous and to some degree
Unstrsctured situation. Where participants do not have a clear and pre existing
Knowledge of how to behave but feel that something can be pone.
Characterazation of a crowd uncertaning feasibility time lessness
Characterize the crowd and the a combination of these leads to a collective
Search for appropriate action.
Casual crowd spontaneous loosely organized and very momentary type
Of grouping conentinalized crowd characterized by established regular ways of
Behaving defending upon the time and place of performance.
Acting crowd type most observed by sociologists volatile group of
Excited persons whose attention is focused on a controversial or provocative
Issue.
Mass diffused collectively made up of a number of disparate
Individuals each responding independently to the same stimulus. Exsample of
Mass the public.
Fassion applied to short lived socially approved variations in clothing
And adorment art housing furniture and other areas of behavior
Fads passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviation from the
Conventional behavior chazes new activities which excite persons who become
Subsequently pre occupied with these.
Public is a dispersed collective includes the elementary processes of
Milling and rumar
Public opinion formed and expressed on the issue before a decision is
Reached. Result from the presence of an issue.
Public influence inter action in a public such as discussion and
Argumentation is effected through personal contacts rumors and the mass media
Mass communications news paper, radio and t.v motion pictures.
Social movements behavior persits and develops a considerable
Degree of a organization becomes a social movement.
Various types of social movements
Expressive movement. Resistance and protests movement
Perform movements, revbellion and revolutionary movement
(collective behavior)
A.Alegria
There is no single definition of the term collective behavior as to its important features. According to Herbert Blumer collective behavior refers to the social processes and events which do not reflect existing social structures like laws, conventions and instructions, but which emerge in a spontaneous way. Turner and Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in which the usual conventions cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, by pass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.” Collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional, irrational, and spontaneous, but recent researches reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion than was originally believed. For Zanden, collective behavior refers to “way of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people which are relatively spontaneous and unstructed. It tends to focus on a particular kind of behavior, rather than on a particular institution such as schools, on abstract group properties such as social stratification or bureaucratic structure, or on a single social process such as socialization.
There are three theoretical frameworks that describe about the collective process, the convergence perspective, emergent norm perspective and the smelser’s value added approach. Convergence perspective- this premised on the idea that human behavior id s determined by forces of the individual. Emergent norm perspective- the collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions. Smelser’s value added approach-it notes certain conditions such as, structural conduciveness, which means that there exist certain conditions for collective behavior to be possible, structural strain, which is brought about by a gap between expectations and reality, resulting in conflict or problems, generalized belief, precipitating factors in the form of dramatic events which may trigger collective response, mobilization of participants, and the ineffectiveness of the means of social control.
Crowd is said to be a transitory group of persons in an ambiguous and, to some degree, unstructed situation where participants do not have the clear and pre-existing knowledge of how to behave but feel that something can be done. There are 5 types of crowds, casual, conventionalized, acting, expressive crowds and panic. Casual crowds- spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go. Conventionalized crowd- characterized by established regular ways of behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities. Acting crowds- the most observed by sociologists. Panics- situation in which people are largely affected by fear, such as stampedes. Expressive crowd- characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional released.
Mass is a diffused collectivity. It is made up of a number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus. Fashion; applied to the relatively short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adornment, art, housing and furniture, and other areas of behavior. Fads; are passing fancies or novelties of interest related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. Crazes; new activities which become important in the life of the community, exciting persons who become subsequently preoccupied with these activities.
Public is dispersed collectivity, and like the crowd it includes the elementary process of milling and rumor. Unlike the mass, which is confronted by a problematic situation, the public face with the issue, a matter on which people have the right to agree or disagree. The interaction in the public, such as discussion and argumentation, is effected trough personal contacts, rumors and mass media-the newspapers, radio, television or movies. Public opinion can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings, and interest groups.
Mass media has the primarily role of informing, giving entertainment, and provide education. It can also provide warnings about some imminent threats or dangers, like typhoons, fall-outs, and military attacks. Thus, it is the vehicle for developing social awareness and national identity and for fostering the national aims and goals of society.
Social movement is a form of collective behavior which is of longer duration and has a considerable degree of social organization is the social movement. It is a function of the level of social and economic deprivation. It emphasizes social changes. It comes about as a result of stressful conditions in one’s environment which cause unrest and dissatisfaction with existing conditions.
Types of social movements;
Expressive movement- form of dissent resulting the existing structure of power. It is not directed to bring about changes in power relations but is a kind of response to a sense of powerlessness or alienation and dissatisfaction.
Reform movement- directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power distribution of a social system.
Rebellion and revolutionary movements- aim to change whole social order and replace the relationship.
Resistant and protests movements-aim to change existing social values and institutions which members consider decadent.
References; sociology focus in the Philippines 4th edition
Isabelo Panopio & Adelisa Reymundo
General sociology focus on the Philippines 3rd edition
Isabel Panopio,Felicidad Cordero-macdonald, Adelisa Raymundo
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
(J. MENDOZA)
Collective behavior is a type of sociological theory about group behavior.It is a kind of group behavior characterized by spontaneous development of form and organization, which contradict or reinterpret the norms of the group. It is occurs in the forms of demonstration, rumors, protests, riots, coup d’etat, cults, religious revivals, and even revolutions. The act must be unusual. The action may be taken by the group of people. The people involve must influence one another in some way. This influence must over with little or no planning. There must be minimal or no organization of the group. It is spontaneous. There are three theoretical frameworks that describes the collective behavior;
1. Convergence Perspective premised on the idea that that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual.
2. Emergent Norm Perspective it states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expression and emotions.
3. Smelser’s Value Added Approach
1. Structural Conduciveness; means that there exist certain social conditions for collective behavior to be possible.
2. Structural Strain; brought about by a gap between expectations and reality.
3. Generalized Belief brought about by the inability of participants to define and analyze the problem.
4. Precipitating factors in the form of dramatic events; which may trigger collective response.
5. Mobilization of participants to join the action after the precipitation.
6. The ineffectiveness of the means of social control. With the increased intensity and zeal of mass action.
Crowd is group of exchange members with a defined area of function tending to congregate around a trading post pending execution of orders. There are specialist, floor traders, ood-lot dealers, and other brokers as well as smaller group with specialized function- inactive Bond Crowd. The crowd is a temporary collection of people who are reacting to the same stimulants for a particular period of duration of time. There are 5 types of CROWD;
1. CASUAL CROWD is a spontaneous, loosely organized and very momentary type of grouping whose members come and go.
2. THE CONVENTIONALIZED CROWD is characterized by established regular ways of behaving, defending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities.
3. THE ACTING CROWD is the type most observed by sociologist. This is an active, volatile group of excited persons whose attention is focused on a controvercial or provocative issue which arouses action, if not indignation.
4. PANICS are situations in which people are largely affected fear, such as stampedes.
5. THE EXPRESSIVE CROWD characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion, and emotional release.
Mass is a diffused collectivity. It is made of a number of disparate individual. It is no social organization, no established leaders, no structure of statuses and roles. Mass behavior is may also be observed following a national or international event.
Fashions, Fads, and Craze cultural drifts, such as the changes in fashion, fads, and craze, are forms of mass interaction or diffused collectivities.
Public like the mass, the public is disperse collective and, like the crowd, it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor.
Public Opinion can be expressed through the ballots or referendum , letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest groups.
Mass Media plays an important role, function as an agent of socialization. The social heritage of the group its knowledge, norms, values, are transmitted to the audience. Social movements when collective behavior persists and develops a considerable degree of organization, it becomes a social movements. A social movement is a type of collectivity composed of people who share sentiments or grievances who unite to promote or resist change.
Various type of Social Movement social movements that emphasize social changes abound in our society. There are 4 types of various movements;
1. Expressive Movement is a form of dissent against the existing power structures.
2. Resistance and protest movements brought about by structural strain; it aims to change existing social values and institution which members consider decadent.
3. Reform Movement is directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power distribution of a social system.
REFERENCE:GENERAL SOCIOLOGY (FOCUS IN THE PHIL.)
(3RD AND 4TH EDITION)
ISABEL S. PANOPIO
ADELIZA RAYMUNDO
Collective behavior
( L.Malubay )
Filipino has a different behavior one of their behaviors is known as collective behavior. The term collective behavior has a specialized meaning in sociology. It refers to conduct which does not reflect existing social structure (laws, conventions, and institutions) but emerges in a spontaneous way. The category excludes conforming events, such as religious rituals and conversation at the dinner table, and also deviant events, such as crime or the exercise of bad manners. Examples of collective behavior episodes might include a religious revival, a panic in burning theatres, and an outbreak of swastika painting on synagogues.
It has six important features: 1) the act must be unusual.2) the action may be taken by the group of people.3) the people involved must influence one another in some way.4) this influence must over with little or no planning. 5) There must be minimal or no organization of the group.6) it is spontaneous.
The sociologist gave the 3 different theoretical frameworks for describing this behavior the Contagion Theory proposes that crowds exert a hypnotic influence on their members. The hypnotic influence, combined with the anonymity of belonging to a large group of people, results in irrational, emotionally charged behavior. Or, as the name implies, the frenzy of the crowd is somehow contagious, like a disease, and the contagion feeds upon itself, growing with time. Convergence Theory argues that the behavior of a crowd is not an emergent property of the crowd but is a result of like-minded individuals coming together. In other words, if a crowd becomes violent (a mob or riot), convergence theory would argue that this is not because the crowd encouraged violence but rather because people who wanted to become violent came together in the crowd. Emergent-Norm Theory argues that people come together with specific expectations and norms, but in the interactions that follow the development of the crowd, new expectations and norms can emerge, allowing for behavior that normally would not take place.
The collective behavior has four forms one of them are Crowd a form for gathering of people who share a purpose or intent and influence one another. Crowds are a common occurrence in modern life. Their are different types of crowds as we all know;
Casual - is the crowd that loose collection of people with no real interaction.
Conventional - deliberately planned meeting.
Expressive - depicts a crowd at an emotionally charged event.
Acting - a crowd intent on accomplishing something;
Mass is the form that differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. The invention of printing made masses possible, and they have become more prominent still with the invention of each of the other mass media. The example of this is message from the mass media is an attempt to persuade the mass to choose something which is offered, such as some brand of refrigerator;
The difference between the three is
Fashion- is characterized by a prevailing style of clothing and accessories, hair styles, art house design and furniture and cars; Fads- refers to the introduction of new objects, new hobbies and variation of speech;Craze- is characterized by an individual developing an intensely enthusiastic longing for a particular object and is given an unusually high value
Public dispersed collective, includes the elementary processes of milling and rumors. can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meetings and interest group.
Social movements typically have a structure and persistence which distinguishes them from the other three forms of collective behavior, and for this reason they are often considered to be a separate topic. The various type of this are;
Scope
Reform movements - movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones.
Radical movement - movements dedicated to changing value systems
Type of movement
Innovation movement - movements which want to enable particular norms, values, etc
Conservative movement - movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc.
Targets
Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system.
Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals.
Methods of works
Peaceful movements- which are seen to stand in contrast to 'violent' movements, but in reality, rely on such force.
Violent movements - various armed movements, which does not include terrorist organizations.
Terrorist movements - Hezbollah, Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) or Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) movements.
Old movements - movements for change have existed since the beginning of society, most of the 19th century movements fought for specific social groups, such as the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.). They were usually centered on some materialistic goals like improving the standard of living or, for example, the political autonomy of the working class.
New movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement, free software movement, gay rights movement, peace movement, anti-nuclear movement, alter-globalization movement, etc. Sometimes they are known as new social movements. They are usually centered on issues that go beyond but are not separate from class.
Range
Global movements - social movements with global objectives and goals.
Local movements - most of the social movements have a local scope.
Multi-level movements - social movements which recognize the complexity of governance in the 21. Century and aim to have an impact at the local, regional, national and international levels
Collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional, irrational. And spontaneous, but recent researches reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion than was originally believed.
There is no single definition of the term collective behavior and there is no common agreement as to its important features. Turner and Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in the usual conventions cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.
This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual. Collective behavior, like individual behavior, is the result of these forces. They hold that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
The idea of crowd as stemming from a group or collective mind generated by instinct has been discounted by later sociologist.
3 types of crowd
1. The casual crowd
Members may form inconvenient aggregations like those gathered around a bargain counter or celebrity.
2. The conventional crowd
Members may shout, clap their hands or boo. This may seen in ball games, a boxing bout, sports competitions, or New Year’s Eve parties.
3. The acting crowd
It may be motivated by intense love or affection. Some religious or political leaders, superstars, basketball stars or movie idols have evoked popular affection.
The mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Member are concerned only about there individual conditions.
Fashions, Fads, Crazes
Fashions, Fads and Crazes are forms of diffused collectivities or must interaction.
Fashion is applied to the relatively short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adornment, art, housing and furniture, and other area of behavior.
Fads are passing fancies or novelties of interests related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior.
Crazes are new activities which become important in the life of the community, exciting persons who become subsequently preoccupied with this activities.
Collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional, irrational. And spontaneous, but recent researches reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion than was originally believed.
There is no single definition of the term collective behavior and there is no common agreement as to its important features. Turner and Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in the usual conventions cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.
This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual. Collective behavior, like individual behavior, is the result of these forces. They hold that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
The idea of crowd as stemming from a group or collective mind generated by instinct has been discounted by later sociologist.
3 types of crowd
1. The casual crowd
Members may form inconvenient aggregations like those gathered around a bargain counter or celebrity.
2. The conventional crowd
Members may shout, clap their hands or boo. This may seen in ball games, a boxing bout, sports competitions, or New Year’s Eve parties.
3. The acting crowd
It may be motivated by intense love or affection. Some religious or political leaders, superstars, basketball stars or movie idols have evoked popular affection.
The mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Member are concerned only about there individual conditions.
Fashions, Fads, Crazes
Fashions, Fads and Crazes are forms of diffused collectivities or must interaction.
Fashion is applied to the relatively short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adornment, art, housing and furniture, and other area of behavior.
Fads are passing fancies or novelties of interests related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior.
Crazes are new activities which become important in the life of the community, exciting persons who become subsequently preoccupied with this activities.
Collective behavior was once believed to be highly emotional, irrational. And spontaneous, but recent researches reveal that collective behavior is characterized by more caution and less emotion than was originally believed.
There is no single definition of the term collective behavior and there is no common agreement as to its important features. Turner and Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in the usual conventions cease to guide social actions and people collectively transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.
This explanation is premised on the idea that human behavior is determined by forces within the individual. Collective behavior, like individual behavior, is the result of these forces. They hold that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions.
The idea of crowd as stemming from a group or collective mind generated by instinct has been discounted by later sociologist.
3 types of crowd
1. The casual crowd
Members may form inconvenient aggregations like those gathered around a bargain counter or celebrity.
2. The conventional crowd
Members may shout, clap their hands or boo. This may seen in ball games, a boxing bout, sports competitions, or New Year’s Eve parties.
3. The acting crowd
It may be motivated by intense love or affection. Some religious or political leaders, superstars, basketball stars or movie idols have evoked popular affection.
The mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Member are concerned only about there individual conditions.
Fashions, Fads, Crazes
Fashions, Fads and Crazes are forms of diffused collectivities or must interaction.
Fashion is applied to the relatively short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing and adornment, art, housing and furniture, and other area of behavior.
Fads are passing fancies or novelties of interests related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior.
Crazes are new activities which become important in the life of the community, exciting persons who become subsequently preoccupied with this activities.
The Study of Collective Behavior
A. What Is Collective Behavior?
As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of people saying and understanding "yo, dude" seems to be increasing. These diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior.
Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped immediately, e.g. the family, deviance, politics or organizations. Collective behavior is not one of them. It includes an enormous array of behaviors, processes, structures and contexts. It encompasses parts of many sociological sub-fields. It tends to focus on a particular kind of behavior, rather than on a particular institution such as schools, on abstract group properties such as social stratification or bureaucratic structure, or on a single social process such as socialization. To be sure many areas of sociology involve the study of behavior --but they tend to be restricted to particular types e.g., religious, criminal or political behavior. In contrast collective behavior is not restricted to a given type of behavior or social process. It is more general and inclusive.
What do sociologists mean by the term collective behavior? College catalogues usually define this course as involving the study of crowds, fads, disasters, panics and social movements. A listing of such nouns is descriptively accurate. Yet what binds these things together? Why are elements included or excluded? Would a marching band be included? What about a labor dispute in a context where workers have the right to strike as part of their agreement with management? What about an orderly crowd watching the construction of a large office building? Is a weekly church revival meeting with the same participants an example of collective behavior? What if the number attending rapidly expanded and many new revival groups appeared? What if most of those attending suddenly stopped coming? Is a reform-seeking political party or interest group an example of collective behavior? What (if anything) does a highly organized social movement which endures over decades share with the most ephemeral crowd or fad?
Defining the field by merely listing empirical phenomena does not permit answering such questions and leaves us with a jumble of seemingly unrelated topics. Thus, a crowd is a type of group. A fad is a type of behavior. Disaster refers to a type of social setting. Panic refers to an individual psychological state. A social movement often refers to a type of organization. Awareness of this diversity has led to a lively debate about what the field ought to consist of. One strand of criticism argues that the field has little internal unity and is held together only by accidents of tradition. The first collective behavior theorists in the Nineteenth century chose to include the above elements. These were then rather uncritically accepted by later theorists such as Park and Burgess (1924), and then Blumer (1951), whose intellectual legacy has shaped contemporary views.
Because of these accidents of tradition, the field can be seen as a residual category: what can not be studied as social structure, or from a perspective of cultural definitions, falls within the province of collective behavior.
Some critics argue the field would be improved by excluding social movements from it. These more organized and enduring phenomena are seen to belong to political or organizational sociology. Others argue that the field would be better were it to be more concerned with a particular group structure such as the crowd, regardless of whether the behavior present is dynamic or predefined by cultural standards. Still others argue that the focus should not be on the highly diverse and seemingly unrelated forms of behavior traditionally included, but on the distinctive social and psychological processes thought to be present.
An even more extreme view argues that the field as a whole should be abolished because all complex social behavior is collective and to a degree dynamic. Hence the "field" has no unique subject matter. The collective behavior perspective is thought to apply to all behavior and no unique concepts, theories or methods are needed to understand it, apart from general sociological concepts. If we were starting fresh we could certainly find a better name for the field and perhaps a more logical way of dividing it up (although this could be said of most intellectual fields).
The term "collective behavior" does not have much literal meaning since strictly speaking it includes any group behavior. Yet once established, intellectual traditions are slow to change. The initial definitions of knowledge and questions in this field still exert a powerful hold. Courses and books usually contain the words "collective behavior." Critics of this field raise important issues, but as in Kipling's fable of the blind persons and the elephant (where each person correctly identifies a separate part, but all fail to see the whole animal), we think there is a broad logic uniting the field. The logic involves emergent group behavior in settings where cultural guidelines are non-specific or lacking, inadequate, or in dispute.
Four forms of collective behavior
Most of the examples of collective behavior mentioned above are instances of crowd behavior. The classic treatment of crowds is Gustave LeBon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1896), in which LeBon, a frightened aristocrat, interpreted the crowds of the French Revolution as irrational reversions to animal emotion, and infers from this that such reversion is characteristic of crowds in general. Freud expressed a similar view in his Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922). Economists study similar behavior underlying the economic bubble, classic examples of which include tulip mania (1637), The South Sea Company (1720), and the Mississippi Company (1720); the classic study is Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841).
At the University of Chicago, Robert Park and Herbert Blumer saw crowds as emotional, but as capable of any emotion, not only the negative ones of anger and fear.
All of these writers acknowledge that there are crowds in which the participants are not assembled in one place. Turner and Killian refer to such episodes as diffuse crowds, examples being stock market booms, panics about sexual perils, and "Red scares."
Some psychologists have suggested that there are three fundamental human emotions, fear, joy, and anger, and Smelser and others have proposed three corresponding forms of the crowd: the panic, in which fear is the dominant emotion, the craze, which is an expression of joy, and the hostile outburst, which is characterized by anger.
Each of the three emotions can characterize either a compact or a diffuse crowd, so that there are six types of crowds in this scheme.
Park distinguished the crowd, which expresses a common emotion from a public, in which a single issue is discussed. A public exists for every issue being discussed at a particular time, so that there are as many publics as there are issues, each public coming into being when its issue is first raised and going out of being when the issue is resolved.
To the crowd and the public, Blumer added a third form of collective behavior, the mass. It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. The invention of printing made masses possible, and they have become more prominent still with the invention of each of the other mass media.
The messages from the mass media is an attempt to persuade the mass to choose something which is offered, such as some brand of refrigerator. The mass acts not by the expression of a common emotion as does the crowd, nor by discussion as does the public, but by the simultaneous and independent action of the participants. Their aggregated choices can have powerful effects on society, as when a popular TV show leads many people to use the bathroom at the same time, so that bond issues have to be floated to increase sewage disposal facilities.
Contrary to Blumer, evidence confirms the common sense view that consumers do not act independently of one another but frequently discuss their choices. For this reason, Turner and Killian suggest that the mass is best thought of as what Max Weber calls an "ideal type" -- not an accurate description of empirical cases, but a concept which is useful in interpreting particular events insofar as they approximate it. Actually, most or all terms in the field refer to ideal types; there are many mixed cases.
We change intellectual gears when we confront Blumer's final form of collective behavior, the social movement. Some examples include the French Revolutions, the movement for the adoption of a World Calendar, and Alcoholics Anonymous.
Social movements typically have a structure and persistence which distinguishes them from the other three forms of collective behavior, and for this reason they are often considered to be a separate topic.
There have never been many specialists in collective behavior, and these few have typically been students of Park and Blumer at Chicago, or, more recently, of Blumer and Smelser at Berkeley. Thus, collective behavior has been a school of thought as well as a subfield of sociology.
The study of collective behavior spun its wheels for many years, until Neil Smelser's Theory of Collectiove Behavior (1962) and social disturbances in the U. S. and elsewhere in the late 60's and early 70's prompted a renewal of interest in the field. Out of this interest have come a number of empirical challenges to the armchair sociology of earlier students of collective behavior.
Social movement
Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.
Types of social movement
Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement:
• scope
o Reform movements - movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms, for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily available.
o Radical movement - movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, the Polish Solidarity (Solidarność) movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy system into democracy and capitalism or the South African shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo which demands the full inclusion of shack dwellers into the life of cities.
• type of change
o Innovation movement - movements which want to enable particular norms, values, etc. The singularitarianism movement advocating deliberate action to effect and ensure the safety of the technological singularity is an example of an innovation movement.
o Conservative movement - movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc. for example, anti-immigration groups. The anti-machines 19th century Luddites movement or the modern movement opposing the spread of the genetically modified food could be seen as conservative movements in that they aimed to fight specific technological changes, however they are progressive in ways that movements that are simply being anti-change (e.g. being anti-immigration) for the sake of it can never be.
• targets
o Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party political system.
o Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious movements would fall under this category.
• methods of work
Peaceful movements, which are seen to stand in contrast to 'violent' movements, but in reality, rely on such force. Mentioned American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity movement or Mahatma Gandhi civil disobedience movements would fall into this category
o Violent movements - various armed movements, which does not include terrorist organisations. E.g. the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Rote Armee Fraktion.
o Terrorist movements - Hezbollah, Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) or Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) movements.
• old and new
o Old movements - movements for change have existed since the beginning of society, most of the 19th century movements fought for specific social groups, such as the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.). They were usually centered around some materialistic goals like improving the standard of living or, for example, the political autonomy of the working class.
o new movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement, free software movement, gay rights movement, peace movement, anti-nuclear movement, alter-globalization movement, etc. Sometimes they are known as new social movements. They are usually centered around issues that go beyond but are not separate from class.
• range
o Global movements - social movements with global objectives and goals. Movements such as the first, second, third and fourth internationals (where Marx and Bakunin met), World Social Forum, the PGA and the anarchist movement seek to change society at a global level.
o Local movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are based on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area, lobbying for the lowering of tolls in a certain motorway, or squatting a building about to be demolished for gentrification Aand turning it into a social centre.
o Multi-level movements - social movements which recognize the complexity of governance in the 21. Century and aim to have an impact at the local, regional, national and international levels
References:
Sociology Book
Internet Google
The Study of Collective Behavior
A. What Is Collective Behavior?
As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of people saying and understanding "yo, dude" seems to be increasing. These diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior.
Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped immediately, e.g. the family, deviance, politics or organizations. Collective behavior is not one of them. It includes an enormous array of behaviors, processes, structures and contexts. It encompasses parts of many sociological sub-fields. It tends to focus on a particular kind of behavior, rather than on a particular institution such as schools, on abstract group properties such as social stratification or bureaucratic structure, or on a single social process such as socialization. To be sure many areas of sociology involve the study of behavior --but they tend to be restricted to particular types e.g., religious, criminal or political behavior. In contrast collective behavior is not restricted to a given type of behavior or social process. It is more general and inclusive.
What do sociologists mean by the term collective behavior? College catalogues usually define this course as involving the study of crowds, fads, disasters, panics and social movements. A listing of such nouns is descriptively accurate. Yet what binds these things together? Why are elements included or excluded? Would a marching band be included? What about a labor dispute in a context where workers have the right to strike as part of their agreement with management? What about an orderly crowd watching the construction of a large office building? Is a weekly church revival meeting with the same participants an example of collective behavior? What if the number attending rapidly expanded and many new revival groups appeared? What if most of those attending suddenly stopped coming? Is a reform-seeking political party or interest group an example of collective behavior? What (if anything) does a highly organized social movement which endures over decades share with the most ephemeral crowd or fad?
Defining the field by merely listing empirical phenomena does not permit answering such questions and leaves us with a jumble of seemingly unrelated topics. Thus, a crowd is a type of group. A fad is a type of behavior. Disaster refers to a type of social setting. Panic refers to an individual psychological state. A social movement often refers to a type of organization. Awareness of this diversity has led to a lively debate about what the field ought to consist of. One strand of criticism argues that the field has little internal unity and is held together only by accidents of tradition. The first collective behavior theorists in the Nineteenth century chose to include the above elements. These were then rather uncritically accepted by later theorists such as Park and Burgess (1924), and then Blumer (1951), whose intellectual legacy has shaped contemporary views.
Because of these accidents of tradition, the field can be seen as a residual category: what can not be studied as social structure, or from a perspective of cultural definitions, falls within the province of collective behavior.
Some critics argue the field would be improved by excluding social movements from it. These more organized and enduring phenomena are seen to belong to political or organizational sociology. Others argue that the field would be better were it to be more concerned with a particular group structure such as the crowd, regardless of whether the behavior present is dynamic or predefined by cultural standards. Still others argue that the focus should not be on the highly diverse and seemingly unrelated forms of behavior traditionally included, but on the distinctive social and psychological processes thought to be present.
An even more extreme view argues that the field as a whole should be abolished because all complex social behavior is collective and to a degree dynamic. Hence the "field" has no unique subject matter. The collective behavior perspective is thought to apply to all behavior and no unique concepts, theories or methods are needed to understand it, apart from general sociological concepts. If we were starting fresh we could certainly find a better name for the field and perhaps a more logical way of dividing it up (although this could be said of most intellectual fields).
The term "collective behavior" does not have much literal meaning since strictly speaking it includes any group behavior. Yet once established, intellectual traditions are slow to change. The initial definitions of knowledge and questions in this field still exert a powerful hold. Courses and books usually contain the words "collective behavior." Critics of this field raise important issues, but as in Kipling's fable of the blind persons and the elephant (where each person correctly identifies a separate part, but all fail to see the whole animal), we think there is a broad logic uniting the field. The logic involves emergent group behavior in settings where cultural guidelines are non-specific or lacking, inadequate, or in dispute.
Four forms of collective behavior
Most of the examples of collective behavior mentioned above are instances of crowd behavior. The classic treatment of crowds is Gustave LeBon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1896), in which LeBon, a frightened aristocrat, interpreted the crowds of the French Revolution as irrational reversions to animal emotion, and infers from this that such reversion is characteristic of crowds in general. Freud expressed a similar view in his Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922). Economists study similar behavior underlying the economic bubble, classic examples of which include tulip mania (1637), The South Sea Company (1720), and the Mississippi Company (1720); the classic study is Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841).
At the University of Chicago, Robert Park and Herbert Blumer saw crowds as emotional, but as capable of any emotion, not only the negative ones of anger and fear.
All of these writers acknowledge that there are crowds in which the participants are not assembled in one place. Turner and Killian refer to such episodes as diffuse crowds, examples being stock market booms, panics about sexual perils, and "Red scares."
Some psychologists have suggested that there are three fundamental human emotions, fear, joy, and anger, and Smelser and others have proposed three corresponding forms of the crowd: the panic, in which fear is the dominant emotion, the craze, which is an expression of joy, and the hostile outburst, which is characterized by anger.
Each of the three emotions can characterize either a compact or a diffuse crowd, so that there are six types of crowds in this scheme.
Park distinguished the crowd, which expresses a common emotion from a public, in which a single issue is discussed. A public exists for every issue being discussed at a particular time, so that there are as many publics as there are issues, each public coming into being when its issue is first raised and going out of being when the issue is resolved.
To the crowd and the public, Blumer added a third form of collective behavior, the mass. It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. The invention of printing made masses possible, and they have become more prominent still with the invention of each of the other mass media.
The messages from the mass media is an attempt to persuade the mass to choose something which is offered, such as some brand of refrigerator. The mass acts not by the expression of a common emotion as does the crowd, nor by discussion as does the public, but by the simultaneous and independent action of the participants. Their aggregated choices can have powerful effects on society, as when a popular TV show leads many people to use the bathroom at the same time, so that bond issues have to be floated to increase sewage disposal facilities.
Contrary to Blumer, evidence confirms the common sense view that consumers do not act independently of one another but frequently discuss their choices. For this reason, Turner and Killian suggest that the mass is best thought of as what Max Weber calls an "ideal type" -- not an accurate description of empirical cases, but a concept which is useful in interpreting particular events insofar as they approximate it. Actually, most or all terms in the field refer to ideal types; there are many mixed cases.
We change intellectual gears when we confront Blumer's final form of collective behavior, the social movement. Some examples include the French Revolutions, the movement for the adoption of a World Calendar, and Alcoholics Anonymous.
Social movements typically have a structure and persistence which distinguishes them from the other three forms of collective behavior, and for this reason they are often considered to be a separate topic.
There have never been many specialists in collective behavior, and these few have typically been students of Park and Blumer at Chicago, or, more recently, of Blumer and Smelser at Berkeley. Thus, collective behavior has been a school of thought as well as a subfield of sociology.
The study of collective behavior spun its wheels for many years, until Neil Smelser's Theory of Collectiove Behavior (1962) and social disturbances in the U. S. and elsewhere in the late 60's and early 70's prompted a renewal of interest in the field. Out of this interest have come a number of empirical challenges to the armchair sociology of earlier students of collective behavior.
Social movement
Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.
Types of social movement
Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement:
• scope
o Reform movements - movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms, for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily available.
o Radical movement - movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, the Polish Solidarity (Solidarność) movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy system into democracy and capitalism or the South African shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo which demands the full inclusion of shack dwellers into the life of cities.
• type of change
o Innovation movement - movements which want to enable particular norms, values, etc. The singularitarianism movement advocating deliberate action to effect and ensure the safety of the technological singularity is an example of an innovation movement.
o Conservative movement - movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc. for example, anti-immigration groups. The anti-machines 19th century Luddites movement or the modern movement opposing the spread of the genetically modified food could be seen as conservative movements in that they aimed to fight specific technological changes, however they are progressive in ways that movements that are simply being anti-change (e.g. being anti-immigration) for the sake of it can never be.
• targets
o Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party political system.
o Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious movements would fall under this category.
• methods of work
Peaceful movements, which are seen to stand in contrast to 'violent' movements, but in reality, rely on such force. Mentioned American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity movement or Mahatma Gandhi civil disobedience movements would fall into this category
o Violent movements - various armed movements, which does not include terrorist organisations. E.g. the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Rote Armee Fraktion.
o Terrorist movements - Hezbollah, Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) or Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) movements.
• old and new
o Old movements - movements for change have existed since the beginning of society, most of the 19th century movements fought for specific social groups, such as the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.). They were usually centered around some materialistic goals like improving the standard of living or, for example, the political autonomy of the working class.
o new movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement, free software movement, gay rights movement, peace movement, anti-nuclear movement, alter-globalization movement, etc. Sometimes they are known as new social movements. They are usually centered around issues that go beyond but are not separate from class.
• range
o Global movements - social movements with global objectives and goals. Movements such as the first, second, third and fourth internationals (where Marx and Bakunin met), World Social Forum, the PGA and the anarchist movement seek to change society at a global level.
o Local movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are based on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area, lobbying for the lowering of tolls in a certain motorway, or squatting a building about to be demolished for gentrification Aand turning it into a social centre.
o Multi-level movements - social movements which recognize the complexity of governance in the 21. Century and aim to have an impact at the local, regional, national and international levels
References:
Sociology Book
Internet Google
Collective Behavior
(J.Macawile) A. What Is Collective Behavior?
As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of people saying and understanding "yo, dude" seems to be increasing. These diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior.
Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped immediately, e.g. the family, deviance, politics or organizations. Collective behavior is not one of them. It includes an enormous array of behaviors, processes, structures and contexts. It encompasses parts of many sociological sub-fields. It tends to focus on a particular kind of behavior, rather than on a particular institution such as schools, on abstract group properties such as social stratification or bureaucratic structure, or on a single social process such as socialization. To be sure many areas of sociology involve the study of behavior --but they tend to be restricted to particular types e.g., religious, criminal or political behavior. In contrast collective behavior is not restricted to a given type of behavior or social process. It is more general and inclusive.
What do sociologists mean by the term collective behavior? College catalogues usually define this course as involving the study of crowds, fads, disasters, panics and social movements. A listing of such nouns is descriptively accurate. Yet what binds these things together? Why are elements included or excluded? Would a marching band be included? What about a labor dispute in a context where workers have the right to strike as part of their agreement with management? What about an orderly crowd watching the construction of a large office building? Is a weekly church revival meeting with the same participants an example of collective behavior? What if the number attending rapidly expanded and many new revival groups appeared? What if most of those attending suddenly stopped coming? Is a reform-seeking political party or interest group an example of collective behavior? What (if anything) does a highly organized social movement which endures over decades share with the most ephemeral crowd or fad?
Defining the field by merely listing empirical phenomena does not permit answering such questions and leaves us with a jumble of seemingly unrelated topics. Thus, a crowd is a type of group. A fad is a type of behavior. Disaster refers to a type of social setting. Panic refers to an individual psychological state. A social movement often refers to a type of organization. Awareness of this diversity has led to a lively debate about what the field ought to consist of. One strand of criticism argues that the field has little internal unity and is held together only by accidents of tradition. The first collective behavior theorists in the Nineteenth century chose to include the above elements. These were then rather uncritically accepted by later theorists such as Park and Burgess (1924), and then Blumer (1951), whose intellectual legacy has shaped contemporary views.
Because of these accidents of tradition, the field can be seen as a residual category: what can not be studied as social structure, or from a perspective of cultural definitions, falls within the province of collective behavior.
Some critics argue the field would be improved by excluding social movements from it. These more organized and enduring phenomena are seen to belong to political or organizational sociology. Others argue that the field would be better were it to be more concerned with a particular group structure such as the crowd, regardless of whether the behavior present is dynamic or predefined by cultural standards. Still others argue that the focus should not be on the highly diverse and seemingly unrelated forms of behavior traditionally included, but on the distinctive social and psychological processes thought to be present.
An even more extreme view argues that the field as a whole should be abolished because all complex social behavior is collective and to a degree dynamic. Hence the "field" has no unique subject matter. The collective behavior perspective is thought to apply to all behavior and no unique concepts, theories or methods are needed to understand it, apart from general sociological concepts. If we were starting fresh we could certainly find a better name for the field and perhaps a more logical way of dividing it up (although this could be said of most intellectual fields).
The term "collective behavior" does not have much literal meaning since strictly speaking it includes any group behavior. Yet once established, intellectual traditions are slow to change. The initial definitions of knowledge and questions in this field still exert a powerful hold. Courses and books usually contain the words "collective behavior." Critics of this field raise important issues, but as in Kipling's fable of the blind persons and the elephant (where each person correctly identifies a separate part, but all fail to see the whole animal), we think there is a broad logic uniting the field. The logic involves emergent group behavior in settings where cultural guidelines are non-specific or lacking, inadequate, or in dispute.
Four forms of collective behavior
Most of the examples of collective behavior mentioned above are instances of crowd behavior. The classic treatment of crowds is Gustave LeBon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1896), in which LeBon, a frightened aristocrat, interpreted the crowds of the French Revolution as irrational reversions to animal emotion, and infers from this that such reversion is characteristic of crowds in general. Freud expressed a similar view in his Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922). Economists study similar behavior underlying the economic bubble, classic examples of which include tulip mania (1637), The South Sea Company (1720), and the Mississippi Company (1720); the classic study is Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841).
At the University of Chicago, Robert Park and Herbert Blumer saw crowds as emotional, but as capable of any emotion, not only the negative ones of anger and fear.
All of these writers acknowledge that there are crowds in which the participants are not assembled in one place. Turner and Killian refer to such episodes as diffuse crowds, examples being stock market booms, panics about sexual perils, and "Red scares."
Some psychologists have suggested that there are three fundamental human emotions, fear, joy, and anger, and Smelser and others have proposed three corresponding forms of the crowd: the panic, in which fear is the dominant emotion, the craze, which is an expression of joy, and the hostile outburst, which is characterized by anger.
Each of the three emotions can characterize either a compact or a diffuse crowd, so that there are six types of crowds in this scheme.
Park distinguished the crowd, which expresses a common emotion from a public, in which a single issue is discussed. A public exists for every issue being discussed at a particular time, so that there are as many publics as there are issues, each public coming into being when its issue is first raised and going out of being when the issue is resolved.
To the crowd and the public, Blumer added a third form of collective behavior, the mass. It differs from both the crowd and the public in that it is not defined by a form of interaction but by presentation from the mass media to an audience. The invention of printing made masses possible, and they have become more prominent still with the invention of each of the other mass media.
The messages from the mass media is an attempt to persuade the mass to choose something which is offered, such as some brand of refrigerator. The mass acts not by the expression of a common emotion as does the crowd, nor by discussion as does the public, but by the simultaneous and independent action of the participants. Their aggregated choices can have powerful effects on society, as when a popular TV show leads many people to use the bathroom at the same time, so that bond issues have to be floated to increase sewage disposal facilities.
Contrary to Blumer, evidence confirms the common sense view that consumers do not act independently of one another but frequently discuss their choices. For this reason, Turner and Killian suggest that the mass is best thought of as what Max Weber calls an "ideal type" -- not an accurate description of empirical cases, but a concept which is useful in interpreting particular events insofar as they approximate it. Actually, most or all terms in the field refer to ideal types; there are many mixed cases.
We change intellectual gears when we confront Blumer's final form of collective behavior, the social movement. Some examples include the French Revolutions, the movement for the adoption of a World Calendar, and Alcoholics Anonymous.
Social movements typically have a structure and persistence which distinguishes them from the other three forms of collective behavior, and for this reason they are often considered to be a separate topic.
There have never been many specialists in collective behavior, and these few have typically been students of Park and Blumer at Chicago, or, more recently, of Blumer and Smelser at Berkeley. Thus, collective behavior has been a school of thought as well as a subfield of sociology.
The study of collective behavior spun its wheels for many years, until Neil Smelser's Theory of Collectiove Behavior (1962) and social disturbances in the U. S. and elsewhere in the late 60's and early 70's prompted a renewal of interest in the field. Out of this interest have come a number of empirical challenges to the armchair sociology of earlier students of collective behavior.
Social movement
Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.
Types of social movement
Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement:
• scope
o Reform movements - movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms, for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily available.
o Radical movement - movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, the Polish Solidarity (Solidarność) movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy system into democracy and capitalism or the South African shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo which demands the full inclusion of shack dwellers into the life of cities.
• type of change
o Innovation movement - movements which want to enable particular norms, values, etc. The singularitarianism movement advocating deliberate action to effect and ensure the safety of the technological singularity is an example of an innovation movement.
o Conservative movement - movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc. for example, anti-immigration groups. The anti-machines 19th century Luddites movement or the modern movement opposing the spread of the genetically modified food could be seen as conservative movements in that they aimed to fight specific technological changes, however they are progressive in ways that movements that are simply being anti-change (e.g. being anti-immigration) for the sake of it can never be.
• targets
o Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party political system.
o Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious movements would fall under this category.
• methods of work
Peaceful movements, which are seen to stand in contrast to 'violent' movements, but in reality, rely on such force. Mentioned American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity movement or Mahatma Gandhi civil disobedience movements would fall into this category
o Violent movements - various armed movements, which does not include terrorist organisations. E.g. the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Rote Armee Fraktion.
o Terrorist movements - Hezbollah, Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) or Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) movements.
• old and new
o Old movements - movements for change have existed since the beginning of society, most of the 19th century movements fought for specific social groups, such as the working class, peasants, whites, aristocrats, Protestants, men.). They were usually centered around some materialistic goals like improving the standard of living or, for example, the political autonomy of the working class.
o new movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement, free software movement, gay rights movement, peace movement, anti-nuclear movement, alter-globalization movement, etc. Sometimes they are known as new social movements. They are usually centered around issues that go beyond but are not separate from class.
• range
o Global movements - social movements with global objectives and goals. Movements such as the first, second, third and fourth internationals (where Marx and Bakunin met), World Social Forum, the PGA and the anarchist movement seek to change society at a global level.
o Local movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are based on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area, lobbying for the lowering of tolls in a certain motorway, or squatting a building about to be demolished for gentrification Aand turning it into a social centre.
o Multi-level movements - social movements which recognize the complexity of governance in the 21. Century and aim to have an impact at the local, regional, national and international levels
Debbie M. Leung
BSBA- Banking & Finance
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior is a type of behavior that are not guided by norms w/c is, as we conduct ourselves in our structured social life, we guided by norms & values w/c make our behavior patterned, recurrent, & settled. We do things the way they are supposed to be done. However, despite these standards of behavior, we encounter situations where norms do not apply. Turner & Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in w/c the usual convention cease to guide social actions & people collectively transcend, bypass, or subvert institutional patterns & structures. For Zanden, collective behavior refers to “ways of thinking, feeling and acting that develop among a large number of people which are relatively spontaneous and unstructured.” Collective behavior occurs in times of rapid social change. The important features of collective behavior in the Philippines occurs in the form of demonstrations, rumors, protests, riots, coup d’etat, cults, religious revivals and even revolutions. It also observed since the Spanish colonial period, with the outbreaks of social, economic, political and religious protests.
The theoretical framework of Turner Killian
The first one named Convergence Perspective, and he explained what kind of people are the participants in collective behavior. And he says that those people have common characteristics such as relative deprivations, similarity in social positions based on income, education, and social class. The second one is the Emergent Norm Perspective and its states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions. And this theory its stated here the feelings of some of the participants while they doing the rallies, riots, and demonstrations. It also explains here the feelings of the majority during the assassinations of Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino on August 21, 1983 and also how people reacted about it. Some rallies and demonstrations are formed, as the symbol of their condolence.
Crowd – a large number of people or things gathered closely together.
- the common people; the masses
- a group people having something in common.
The types of crowd are the casual crowd, conventionalized crowd, acting crowd,
panics, and the expressive crowd. In casual crowd, this is the group where the members are come and go which means their emotional interaction is very slight and has little unity. Examples of these are at the bargain counter, a celebrity, or in midnight sales in malls. While in the conventionalized crowd is, the members here are behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities. They may shout, clap their hands or boo. These are seen in ballgames, boxing bouts, or new years eve parties. The acting crowd, this is an active, volatile group of exited persons. These are the people who really wild and riots, mobs, panic, unruly strikes and rallies are examples of acting crowds. Only the police can be controlled them by keeping maximum tolerance and utilizing scientific crowd control techniques. Panics are situations in which people are largely affected by fear, such as stampedes. This situations happened when a building burns, a ship sinks, or when there is an earthquake. There is fear and collective flight as people hasten to escape. And this really people feel during the calamities. And we cant deny the fact that people are always panic and sometimes this can be result to an accident. In expressive crowd, this is characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion and emotional release. Which means you’re just releasing your emotions for example clapping, singing, dancing, shaking, rolling, or crying. You can observed this type of behavior during major sports events, charismatic sessions, rock concerts and festivals like the Maskara in Bacolod.
Mass refers to a large quantity or numbers of people and it is also compose of anonymous individuals, so that there is handly any interaction among members; it is very loosely organized and has little unity. This has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Fashion is applied to short-lived, socially approved varations in clothing and adornment, art, housing, furniture, and other areas of behavior. Crazes and fads are hard to differentiate. Fads are passing fancies of novelties related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. They involved minor modifications or decorations of dresses, mannerisms, and use slang words and other verbal expressions. Craze is an intense attraction to one action, activity, object or person. They are like fads, although more intense.
Public is a dispersed collective, it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor. Unlike the mass, which is confronted by a problematic situation, the public is faced with an issue on which they have the right to agree or disagree. The public results from the presence of an issue. These issues may involve economics, politics, health, education, the family, moral reform, or international commitments. Public opinion formed by the interaction vis-à-vis an issue and by the leaders of each group. It can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meeting and interest groups.
Mass media refers to a large-scale organizations using print and broadcast communications such as radio, televisions, film and newspapers. It plays an important role. It gives information especially during elections, media becomes the venue for informing people about candidates platform. In radio, this is a powerful medium because it reaches a wide audience. It also disseminates news and information through it’s newscast and public service programs. Like the television, it can instantly broadcast news to the public through on the spot reports. Television is more advantage than the radio because of its visual projection of events. It also has a powerful influence and far-reaching effects on viewers. Newspaper is also a channel for disseminating information to the public. It relays news, comments, and opinions through its reports, editorials, and opinions pages. It covers issues of local, national and international interest and is an important instrument for breaking through to public opinion and social consciousness. Like televisions, motions pictures are primarily for entertainment, but can also be informative and instructional. Powell states that motion pictures are effective to some degree in cementing or changing attitudes.
People become discontented when they become conscious of their lack of basic social services, social power, or human rights. The perceived deprivations results in frustrations. Important in a social movement is an ideology which is codified from the ideals, beliefs, values, principles, and doctrines of the people. Ideology is the bridge between discontent and action. It defines the problem in terms of right and wrong and it formed when public want a justice or they want to clear some cases or issues. Example on this is when Erap was impeach. Many people got angry and it results an Edsa 3.
There are four types of social movements, the expressive, the resistance and protest, the reform, and the revolutionary movements. Expressive movement is a form of dissent against the existing power structures. This type of movement maybe seen in crank or unconventional movements, messianic movements, gospel sharing, and bible study movements. It tends to have intense effects on the personalities of the members, strengthen members’ faith, and develop spirituality and a sense of communicate. The resistance movement is brought about by structural strain; it aims to change existing social values and institution which members consider decadent. Protest movements aim to oppose social policies or programs. Reform movements usually aim to make the existing social structure work effectively by extending rights or privileges to certain groups. They are generally interest groups designed to aid their members; occasionally they act as pressured groups for promoting or resisting actual changes in social norms and values. Examples of this type of movement are the labor movement, the women’s liberation movement, pro-life movements, cooperative movement, consumer movement, gay and lesbian rights movement, movement for a more equitable global economy, etc. Rebellion and revolutionary movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership. Revolutionary movement involved more radical changes in the society. These are brought about by the wide gap between the rich and poor, widespread poverty, oppression of a class by the more powerful groups, suppression of people’s rights, and the colonizing group’s exploitation of a nations natural resources.
Debbie M. Leung
BSBA- Banking & Finance
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior is a type of behavior that are not guided by norms w/c is, as we conduct ourselves in our structured social life, we guided by norms & values w/c make our behavior patterned, recurrent, & settled. We do things the way they are supposed to be done. However, despite these standards of behavior, we encounter situations where norms do not apply. Turner & Killian define collective behavior as “forms of social behavior in w/c the usual convention cease to guide social actions & people collectively transcend, bypass, or subvert institutional patterns & structures. For Zanden, collective behavior refers to “ways of thinking, feeling and acting that develop among a large number of people which are relatively spontaneous and unstructured.” Collective behavior occurs in times of rapid social change. The important features of collective behavior in the Philippines occurs in the form of demonstrations, rumors, protests, riots, coup d’etat, cults, religious revivals and even revolutions. It also observed since the Spanish colonial period, with the outbreaks of social, economic, political and religious protests.
The theoretical framework of Turner Killian
The first one named Convergence Perspective, and he explained what kind of people are the participants in collective behavior. And he says that those people have common characteristics such as relative deprivations, similarity in social positions based on income, education, and social class. The second one is the Emergent Norm Perspective and its states that collective behavior is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions. And this theory its stated here the feelings of some of the participants while they doing the rallies, riots, and demonstrations. It also explains here the feelings of the majority during the assassinations of Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino on August 21, 1983 and also how people reacted about it. Some rallies and demonstrations are formed, as the symbol of their condolence.
Crowd – a large number of people or things gathered closely together.
- the common people; the masses
- a group people having something in common.
The types of crowd are the casual crowd, conventionalized crowd, acting crowd,
panics, and the expressive crowd. In casual crowd, this is the group where the members are come and go which means their emotional interaction is very slight and has little unity. Examples of these are at the bargain counter, a celebrity, or in midnight sales in malls. While in the conventionalized crowd is, the members here are behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance and order of activities. They may shout, clap their hands or boo. These are seen in ballgames, boxing bouts, or new years eve parties. The acting crowd, this is an active, volatile group of exited persons. These are the people who really wild and riots, mobs, panic, unruly strikes and rallies are examples of acting crowds. Only the police can be controlled them by keeping maximum tolerance and utilizing scientific crowd control techniques. Panics are situations in which people are largely affected by fear, such as stampedes. This situations happened when a building burns, a ship sinks, or when there is an earthquake. There is fear and collective flight as people hasten to escape. And this really people feel during the calamities. And we cant deny the fact that people are always panic and sometimes this can be result to an accident. In expressive crowd, this is characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion and emotional release. Which means you’re just releasing your emotions for example clapping, singing, dancing, shaking, rolling, or crying. You can observed this type of behavior during major sports events, charismatic sessions, rock concerts and festivals like the Maskara in Bacolod.
Mass refers to a large quantity or numbers of people and it is also compose of anonymous individuals, so that there is handly any interaction among members; it is very loosely organized and has little unity. This has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Fashion is applied to short-lived, socially approved varations in clothing and adornment, art, housing, furniture, and other areas of behavior. Crazes and fads are hard to differentiate. Fads are passing fancies of novelties related to trivial deviations from the conventional behavior. They involved minor modifications or decorations of dresses, mannerisms, and use slang words and other verbal expressions. Craze is an intense attraction to one action, activity, object or person. They are like fads, although more intense.
Public is a dispersed collective, it includes the elementary processes of milling and rumor. Unlike the mass, which is confronted by a problematic situation, the public is faced with an issue on which they have the right to agree or disagree. The public results from the presence of an issue. These issues may involve economics, politics, health, education, the family, moral reform, or international commitments. Public opinion formed by the interaction vis-à-vis an issue and by the leaders of each group. It can be expressed through the ballots or referendum, letters, petitions, delegations, meeting and interest groups.
Mass media refers to a large-scale organizations using print and broadcast communications such as radio, televisions, film and newspapers. It plays an important role. It gives information especially during elections, media becomes the venue for informing people about candidates platform. In radio, this is a powerful medium because it reaches a wide audience. It also disseminates news and information through it’s newscast and public service programs. Like the television, it can instantly broadcast news to the public through on the spot reports. Television is more advantage than the radio because of its visual projection of events. It also has a powerful influence and far-reaching effects on viewers. Newspaper is also a channel for disseminating information to the public. It relays news, comments, and opinions through its reports, editorials, and opinions pages. It covers issues of local, national and international interest and is an important instrument for breaking through to public opinion and social consciousness. Like televisions, motions pictures are primarily for entertainment, but can also be informative and instructional. Powell states that motion pictures are effective to some degree in cementing or changing attitudes.
People become discontented when they become conscious of their lack of basic social services, social power, or human rights. The perceived deprivations results in frustrations. Important in a social movement is an ideology which is codified from the ideals, beliefs, values, principles, and doctrines of the people. Ideology is the bridge between discontent and action. It defines the problem in terms of right and wrong and it formed when public want a justice or they want to clear some cases or issues. Example on this is when Erap was impeach. Many people got angry and it results an Edsa 3.
There are four types of social movements, the expressive, the resistance and protest, the reform, and the revolutionary movements. Expressive movement is a form of dissent against the existing power structures. This type of movement maybe seen in crank or unconventional movements, messianic movements, gospel sharing, and bible study movements. It tends to have intense effects on the personalities of the members, strengthen members’ faith, and develop spirituality and a sense of communicate. The resistance movement is brought about by structural strain; it aims to change existing social values and institution which members consider decadent. Protest movements aim to oppose social policies or programs. Reform movements usually aim to make the existing social structure work effectively by extending rights or privileges to certain groups. They are generally interest groups designed to aid their members; occasionally they act as pressured groups for promoting or resisting actual changes in social norms and values. Examples of this type of movement are the labor movement, the women’s liberation movement, pro-life movements, cooperative movement, consumer movement, gay and lesbian rights movement, movement for a more equitable global economy, etc. Rebellion and revolutionary movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership. Revolutionary movement involved more radical changes in the society. These are brought about by the wide gap between the rich and poor, widespread poverty, oppression of a class by the more powerful groups, suppression of people’s rights, and the colonizing group’s exploitation of a nations natural resources.
Jose Rizal’s Life in U.S.A. to London
*in USA
It is not certain whether Rizal knew or met Aguinaldo—we have no desire to implicate Rizal (as has been done by those sectarians who blindly follow Renato Constantino—see my Rizal For Our Time, 1997) with those who betrayed Bonifacio, Antonio Luna, and others. After the polyphonic novels toying with plural alternatives, Rizal decided on one path: the Liga Filipina and its eventual surrogates.
Rizal of course met or was acquainted with Bonifacio and others in the Katipunan who were involved earlier in the Liga. Despite his exile to Dapitan, he was still playing with utopian projects in British Borneo. Historians from Austin Craig to Rafael Palma, Gregorio Zaide, Carlos Quirino, and Austin Coates have already demonstrated that despite Rizal’s reservations about the Katipunan uprising, his ideas and example (all susceptible to a radical rearticulation) had already won him moral legitimacy and intellectual ascendancy--what Gramsci would call “hegemony”-- whatever differences in political tactics might exist among partisans in the anti-colonial united front.
Pace Constantino, we need understanding before we can have genuine if fallible appreciation. The mythification of Rizal in the popular imagination, as discussed by Reynaldo Ileto in his “Rizal and the Underside of Philippine History,” need not contradict or lessen the secular, libertarian impact of Rizal’s writing and deeds on several generations of organic intellectuals such as Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo de los Reyes, up to the seditious playwrights in the vernaculars, the writer/activists such as Lope K. Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Salvador P. Lopez, and nationalist intellectuals such as Ricardo Pascual, Claro Recto, Angel Baking, Renato Constantino, and others. What is needed, above all, is a dialectical grasp of the complex relations between the heterogeneous social classes and their varying political consciousness—peasantry, workers, petty-bourgeois ilustrado, artisans, etc.—and the struggle for an intelligent, popular leadership of a truly anti-colonial, democratic, mass revolution. A one-sided focus on Rizal as a sublimation of Christ or Bernardo Carpio, or Rizal as “the First Filipino” (Leon Ma. Guerrero, Nick Joaquin), fails to grasp the “unity of opposites” that conceptually subtends the dynamic process of decolonization and class emancipation traversing different modes of production in a sequence of diverse social formations.
We need a historical materialist method to grasp the concrete totality in which the individual finds her/his effective place. After all, it is not individuals or great heroes that shape history, but masses, social classes and groups in conflict that would release, in the process of unpredictable transformations, the potential of humanity’s species-being from myths, reified notions, and self-serving fantasies partly ascribable to natural necessity and partly to the burdensome nightmare of historical legacies.
Can this materialist approach explain the limitations of Rizal’s thinking at various conjunctures of his life? Numerous biographies of Rizal and countless scholarly treatises on his thought have been written to clarify or explain away the inconsistences and contradictions of his ideas, attitudes, and choices. The Yugoslavian Ante Radaic is famous for a simplistic Adlerian diagnosis of Rizal based on his physical attributes. This at least is a new angle, a relief from the exhibitionist posturing of Guerrero and the retrograde obsessions of Nick Joaquin. Radaic, however, failed to honor somehow Rizal’s own psychoanalytic foray into the phenomena of the manggagaway, aswang, and kulam, and other subterranean forms of resistance. How can a person be afflicted with an inferiority complex when he can write (to Blumentritt) a few hours before his death: “When you have received this letter, I am already dead”?
The Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno and the American realist William Dean Howells have recognized Rizal’s subtle analysis of human character and totalizing social critique. For his part, Jose Baron Fernandez’s Jose Rizal: Filipino Doctor and Patriot provides us an updated scenario of late nineteenth-century Spain for understanding the predicament of the Propagandistas in building solidarity, cognizant of Retana’s disingenuous apologia. With tactful lucidity, Palma’s classic biography, The Pride of the Malay Race, has demonstrated the fundamental secular humanism of Rizal, the inheritor of Spinoza’s Ethics and the Enlightenment’s legacy (Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant). Rizal shared this secular humanism with other propagandistas, a humanism whose utopian thrust was tempered by scientific rigor, self-critical distance, and fin-de-siecle disenchantment.
In effect, Rizal personified Filipino modernity in the making, an alternative oppositional modernity, to be sure. For how else could one interpret the exchange between Rizal and Fr. Pastells, Fr. Florentino’s reflections in El Filibusterismo, and the rationalist critique of self-deception and mass hysteria in most of his writings? Ambeth Ocampo has forcefully contributed to the demythologization of Rizal (see his Rizal Without the Overcoat) as well as to the discovery of Rizal’s third novel (on this, more below). Each author responds to the pressure of the historical moment and the inertia of the past. However, it seems unquestionable that the conventional appreciation of Rizal tends toward an indiscriminate glorification of his mind, his ideas, his “Renaissance” versatility, and so on. Scholastic pedagogy and the opiate of the masses have both contributed to this idealizing, nominalist tendentiousness.
Rizal was a product of his place and time, as everyone will concur. But due to desperate conditions, others credit Rizal with superfluous charismatic powers that he himself will be the first to disavow. We do not need the pasyon or folk religion to illuminate this mixed feudal-bourgeois habitus (to borrow Bourdieu’s term). We are predisposed by our inescapable bourgeois socialization to focus on the role of the individual and individual psychology (indexed by symptoms of nostalgia and mourning) so as to assign moral blame or praise. This is the self-privileging ideology of entrepreneurial neoliberalism. But there is an alternative position that only a few have entertained so far.
As I have tried to argue in previous essays, Rizal displayed an astute dialectical materialist sensibility. One revealing example of concrete geopolitical analysis is the short piece on Madrid and its milieu excerpted in Palma’s The Pride of the Malay Race (pp. 60-62). Rizal was neither an environmental determinist nor social Darwinist. While gauging the force of social circumstances, he did not succumb to mechanical determinism —although the weight of his familial and religious upbringing may be said to condition the limits of possible variations in his thinking and actions. This materialist intuition is leavened with praxis-oriented realism, as glimpsed from this passage in a letter to Fr. Pastells:
“It is very possible that that there are causes better than those I have embraced, but my cause is good and that is enough for me. Other causes will undoubtedly bring more profit, more renown, more honors, more glories, but the bamboo, in growing on this soil, comes to sustain nipa huts and not the heavy weights of European edifices….
As to honor, fame, or profit that I might have reaped, I agree that all of this is tempting, especially to a young man of flesh and bone like myself, with so many weaknesses like anybody else. But, as nobody chooses the nationality nor the race to which he is born, and as at birth the privileges or the disadvantages inherent in both are found already created, I accept the cause of my country in the confidence that He who has made me a Filipino will forgive the mistakes I may commit in view of our difficult situation and the defective education that we receive from the time we are born. Besides, I do not aspire to eternal fame or renown; I do not aspire to equal others whose conditions, faculties, and circumstances may be and are in reality different from mine; my only desire is to do what is possible, what is within my power, what is most necessary. I have glimpsed a little light, and I believe I ought to show it to my countrymen.
…. Without liberty, an idea that is somewhat independent might be provocative and another that is affectionate might be considered as baseness or flattery, and I can neither be provocative, nor base, nor a flatterer. In order to speak luminously of politics and produce results, it is necessary in my opinion to have ample liberty.”
A dialectical process underlies the link between subjective desire and objective necessity/possibility traced in this revealing passage. Its working can be discerned in most of Rizal’s historical and political discourses. They are all discourses on the permanent crisis in the condition of the colonial subject, a crisis articulating flashes of danger with glimpses of possibility. The virtue of Rizal’s consciousness of his own limitations inheres in its efficacy of opening up the horizon of opportunities—what he calls “liberty”-- contingent on the grasp and exploitation of those same limits of his class/national position in society and history. In short, the value and function of human agency can only be calculated within the concrete limits of a determinate, specific social location in history, within the totality of social relations in history.
Granted Rizal’s strategic wisdom, how can we explain his failure to predict the role of the United States in intervening and colonizing the Philippines? In his otherwise perspicacious analysis of the past, present, and hypothetical future in “Filipinas dentro de cien anos” (“The Philippines within a century,” published in La Solidaridad, 1889-1890), Rizal reflects on the United States as a possible player in international geopolitics:
“If the Philippines secure their independence after heroic and stubborn conflicts, they can rest assured that neither England, nor Germany, nor France and still less Holland, will dare to take up what Spain has been unable to hold… Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the Pacific…may some day dream of foreign possession. This is not impossible, for the example is contagious, covetuousness and ambition are among the strongest vices… the European powers would not allow her to proceed… North America would be quite a troublesome rival, if she should once get into the business. Furthermore, this is contrary to her traditions.”
There is a curious breakdown of dialectics, if not knowledge of history, in this hypothetical musing. How can Rizal be so blind? Maybe blindness is a function of insight, as academic deconstructionists conjecture. It may be that Rizal had been reading too many eulogistic accounts of the United States circulated in Britain, France, Germany—too much de Tocqueville, perhaps?
In the quoted passage, Rizal’s prophetic stance allows him to moralize on the “strongest vices” of “covetousness and ambition,” but somehow his vision will not permit the “traditions” of the “Great American Republic” from being contaminated by the imperialist virus. He mentions Samoa and the Panama Canal, but seems oblivious of the Monroe doctrine and the nightmarish fear of the Haitian revolution, the first successful revolution of slaves in history. He settles on the fact that U.S. territory was not yet congested; and besides, the European powers will check any imperial ambition the U.S. might show.
In his recent treatise A Nation Aborted, Filipino scholar Floro Quibuyen re-emphasizes Rizal’s ultimate objective of national liberation, even though Rizal’s prediction about the U.S. failed to revise Feodor Jagor’s speculation (Rizal as a student read Jagor’s 1873 Travels in the Philippines) about the positive effect of U.S. imperialism. Although impressed by New York’s “concepciones grandes” and conceding with grace that the U.S. “offers a home to the poor who wish to work,” Rizal did not meet anyone resembling O-Sei-San, the Japanese woman who seduced his soul for a month prior to his landing in San Francisco—there was no time nor occasion for libidinal adventure. Nor was he attracted by the immense panorama of mountains, waterfalls, and the urban landscape, so annoyed was he by the Yankee “craziness” about quarantine and “severe customs inspections.” Shades of current Homeland Security surveillance? In fact Rizal was more impressed by the largest liner in the world, the City of Rome, which he boarded for Liverpool after three weeks in the U.S.
What happened to this universalist historian and globalizing polymath? Was Rizal a victim of temporary amnesia in discounting his non-memorable passage through the United States, still haunted by nostalgic images of Pagsanjan Falls while visiting Niagara, in his second trip to Europe?
It is indeed difficult to understand how Rizal failed to draw the necessary lessons from his brief passage through the United States. Perhaps he was too engrossed as a tourist in novelties, enthralled by the Golden Gate Bridge, the Indian statues everywhere “attired in semi-European suit and semi-Indian suit,” Niagara Falls, the Statue of Liberty, and New York City where (to quote his words) “everything is new!”. Unlike his adventures in Europe, he did not find any inamorata—didn’t have time for dalliance. His travel diary was, in Ocampo’s judgment, sparse and hasty; but his letter to Mariano Ponce (dated 27 July 1888 two months after his passage) reveal a somewhat traumatic experience:
“I visited the largest cities of America with their big buildings, electric lights, and magnificent conceptions. Undoubtedly America is a great country, but it still has many defects. There is no real civil liberty. In some states, the Negro cannot marry a white woman, nor a Negress a white man. Because of their hatred for the Chinese, other Asiatics, like the Japanese, being confused with them, are likewise disliked by the ignorant Americans. The Customs are excessively strict. However, as they say rightly, American offers a home too for the poor who like to work. There was, moreover, much arbitrariness. For example, when we were in quarantine.
They placed us under quarantine, in spite of the clearance given by the American Consul, of not having had a single case of illness aboard, and of the telegram of the governor of Hong Kong declaring that port free from epidemic.
We were quarantined because there were on board 800 Chinese and, as elections were being held in San Francisco, the government wanted to boast that it was taking strict measures against the Chinese to win votes and the people’s sympathy. We were informed of the quarantine verbally, without specific duration. However, on the same day of our arrival, they unloaded 700 bales of silk without fumigating them; the ship’s doctor went ashore; many customs employees and an American doctor from the hospital for cholera victims came on board.
Thus we were quarantined for about thirteen days. Afterwards, passengers of the first class were allowed to land; the Japanese and Chinese in the 2nd and 3rd classes remained in quarantine for an indefinite period. It is thus in that way, they got rid of about 200 [actually 643 coolies, according to Zaide] Chinese, letting them gradually off board.”
Evidenced by this and other works, Rizal definitely understood racism in theory and practice. But it is not clear to what extent he recognized how the absence of “real civil liberty” extends beyond the everyday life of African Americans, beyond the Asians—it is not even clear whether Rizal then considered himself Asian, though in his reflections on how Europeans treated him, he referred to himself as “dark skinned,” a person of color, especially in relation to European women. Rizal never forgot that in spite of being a relatively privileged Chinese mestizo, the Spaniards uniformly considered him an “Indio.”
The term “Indio” casts a subliminal shadow approximating that of the witch, or manggagaway, which Rizal diagnosed thus: the witch is the “she-ass of ignorance and popular malevolence, the scapegoat of divine chastisements, the salvation of the perplexed quacks.” Rizal considers this persona “the diagnosis of inexplicable sufferings,” an idea that would illuminate the logic of “los indios bravos” as a therapeutic ruse, a guerilla maneuver of rectifying names and (like the Noli and Fili) unveiling the cancerous anatomy to the communal gaze.
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Was Rizal so magnanimous or charitable that he expunged the ordeal of being quarantined soonafter? Not at all. In his travel diary concerning a train ride from Paris to Dieppe in 1889, Rizal encountered an arrogant American taunting his other companions (an Englishman and two Frenchmen). His comments indicate that he never forgot the quarantine, surveillance, and exclusionist procedures he went through in his swift passage through the U.S.:
“I was beginning to be annoyed by the fury of the traveler and I was going to join the conversation to tell him what I have seen and endured in America, in New York itself [Rizal doesn’t disclose what he “endured” in New York], how many troubles and what torture the customs [and immigration] in the United States made us suffer, the demands of drivers, barbers, etc., people who, as in many other places, lived on travelers….
I was tempted to believe that my man’s verbosity, being a good Yankee, came from the steam of a boiler inside his body, and I even imagined seeing in him a robot created and hurled to the world by the Americans, a robot with a perfect engine inside to discredit Europe…. (quoted in Ambeth Ocampo, Rizal Without the Overcoat, 1990; see also Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Jose Rizal, 1984).
What can we infer from this hiatus between Rizal’s anger in being quarantined and his belief that the “great American Republic” dare not engage in the brutal adventure of subjugating the natives of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines? Two years after his visit, in Brussels, Rizal replied to Jose Alejandrino’s question what impression did he have of America: “America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites.” This insight is quite remarkable for a Filipino traveler then and today. It exceeds the intelligence of Filipino American pundits who boast of 200% “Americanism,” of Filipinos as hybrid transnationals or transmigrants capable of besting white supremacy. But Rizal, as far as the record shows, did not pursue any consequential inference from his insight.
In his diary, Rizal noted the exhibitionist ubiquity of Indians—once in Reno, Nevada, where he saw “an Indian attired in semi-European suit, and semi-Indian suit, leaning against a wall.” In Chicago, he observed that “every cigar store has an Indian figure, and always different.” That sums up his awareness of American Indians—until the Paris Exposition of 1889 (more on this later). While recognizing the denial of civil liberties to “Negroes” and the degrading treatment of Chinese and Japanese in San Francisco, Rizal was unable to connect these snapshots and observations to the history of the United States as one of expansion, genocidal extermination of Native Americans, slavery of Africans, violent conquest and subjugation of indigenous Mexicans in Texas, California and the territory seized after the Mexican-American War of 1845-48.
What is the historic context surrounding Rizal’s tour of the U.S. in 1886? A historic violent railroad strike had already occurred in 1877; in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act effectively barred the Chinese from entry, a move which did not prevent twenty-eight Chinese from being massacred in Rock Springs, Wyoming, in the summer of 1885.
Meanwhile, in the post-bellum South, the basis for segregation was being laid by Ku Klux Klan raids throughout the 1860s and 1870s following the Compromise of 1877 and severe economic depression. In 1886, two years before Rizal’s travels, the Haymarket riot in Chicago led to the hanging of eight anarchists innocent of the crimes they were charged with. It was the era of robber barons, workers’ strikes, immigrant rebellions, and ferocious class wars (as detailed by Howard Zinn in A People’s History of the United States). In 1890, the massacre of Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee marked the culmination of the genocidal campaign against the original inhabitants and the closing of the internal or Western frontier.
Rizal seemed not to have followed U.S. history along these tracks, isolating only the puritan revolt against religious persecution and the colonial, quasi-feudal imposition by the British monarchy. So this tradition of struggling for liberty, for separation from European feudalism and the authoritarian English monarchy, was what Rizal associated with the U.S. as an emerging nation-state when he was preoccupied with demanding Filipino representation in the Cortes in 1889-90. The United States stood for Rizal as an example of a country or people that demanded representation—“no taxation without representation” was a slogan that must have appealed to the ilustrado assimilationists, not an Anglo state whose “Manifest Destiny” was already nascent from the time of the massacre of the Pequot Indians in 1636, through the institutionalized slavery of Africans, to the savage subjugation of Mexican territory in 1848. White supremacy acquired its slogan of “Manifest Destiny” in the U.S. victory over Mexico and its annexation of substantial territory once owned by Spain.
To recapitulate the logic of our rehearsing this narrative: Rizal traveled through the United States from April 28 to May 16, 1888, a quite hectic flight through the continent of the “New World.” Although he experienced briefly if intensely the violence of white supremacy in transit, he clearly manifested no understanding of the plight of the American Indians then. Rizal was sensitive to the discrimination shown to African Americans, but not to the indigenous folk that he would soon notice a year after, this time as part of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show in the Paris Universal Exposition of May1889. When he and other propagandistas watched some Indians riding their agile horses, elegantly sporting war feathers and other colorful regalia, they were—judging from the tone of their praise--enchanted at the proud and dignified bearing of these performers.
The modernity of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show registered its aura in the sensibility of these Malayan ilustrados. Thereafter Rizal confided to his friends: “Why should we resent being called Indios by the Spaniards? Look at those Indios from North America—they are not ashamed of their name. Let us be like them. Let us be proud of the name Indio and make our Spanish enemies revise their conception of the term. We shall be Indios Bravos!” (Zaide, Rizal, p. 156). Analogous to the revisionist “black is beautiful” symbolism of the sixties, Rizal’s re-signifying of “los indios bravos” signifies a bold paradigm-shift, a transvaluation of meanings and values, linked to a wider political-cultural movement of change among subject-peoples.
By no stretch of the imagination can this be interpreted as nostalgia for the ghostly ancestors haunting the transcribed pages of Morga’s Sucesos. Nor can it be plausibly construed as redolent of the “rhetoric of mourning,” loss, and melancholia that, for neoFreudian analysts, animate texts such as “El Amor Patrio” or Rizal’s letters to his mother. It displays what Christine Buci-Glucksmann (in La raison baroque, 1984) calls the operations of a modernist aesthetics of novelty, fragmentation, unexpectedness, play of artifice, theatricality, etc., that one can also discern in the transgressive allegories of El Filibusterismo and Makamisa, Rizal’s unpublished, incomplete third novel.
And so, when Rizal and his compatriots (Del Pilar, the Luna brothers, Mariano Ponce, and others) witnessed a rousing performance of the “U.S. Wild West” managed by Buffalo Bill Cody, according to biographer Leon Maria Guerrero, they were all inspired by the “plumed warriors of the prairies” to the point of organizing “Los Indios Bravos,” a mutual aid association devoted to promoting intellectual and physical prowess (manly sports using sword, pistol, judo and other arts of self-defense). This anticipated the Liga Filipina that he would set up in January 1892 on his return to the Philippines—the catalyzing agent for the formation of the clandestine, Jacobinic Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio.
The famous 1890 photograph of Rizal, Luna and Ventura posing with their fencing swords has been read as an “image of masculine solidarity” presumably because Luna’s wife, Paz Pardo de Tavera, was cut out from the photo and marginalized. On the other hand, it can be read as a parable, an instance of rest in motion, bodies pausing during a sequence of action. It thus evokes the contrived theatrical pose of the American Indians in the Wild West Show, precisely the bearer of a futurist, not backward-looking, trajectory the significance of which is intimated by Buci-Glucksmann: “The theatricality of desire or history therefore accomplishes the project of modernity as representation, while destabilizing it towards the vanishing-point of the non-representable Other.” This Other is none other than Rizal (borne from our own re-inscribing ordeal of representation) traversing perilous U.S.A. territory.
Historians inform us that “Los Indios Bravos” replaced the ephemeral “Kidlat” Club which Rizal organized when he arrived in Paris from London on March 19, 1889. It seems that within “Los Indios Bravos,” a dissident underground cell of cadres existed with the coded designation “Redencion de los Malayos” (Redemption of the Malays), a society inspired, among others, by Rizal’s acquaintance with the Dutch author Multatuli (E. D. Dekker) who wrote Max Havelaar (1860), a famous exposure of the miserable conditions of the Malay inhabitants oppressed by Dutch colonizers in the Netherlands East Indies. “Los Indios Bravos” would then extend to primarily dark-skinned peoples in the continents dominated by European/Western powers.
The Eleventh U.S. Census in 1890 declared the Western frontier closed. Three years earlier, in 1887, the Dawes Act provided for the settlement of pacified Indians on homesteads. A year after the Paris Exposition, on December 29, 1890, 146 Indians (including 44 women and 18 children) were massacred at Wounded Knee. This was one of the many ways in which the religious Indian revival pivoting around the Ghost Dance and its vision of the Promised Land for dispossessed aborigines in militarized reservations, a progenitor of twentieth-century national liberation struggles of third world peoples, was suppressed by an industrializing U.S. empire.
We do not know yet whether any of the Filipino propagandistas acquired any knowledge of this part of U.S. history, a suppression that would be replicated at home in the bloody onslaught on the Colorums, assorted Rizal cults, revitalization movements like the Lapiang Malaya, and others with their improvised, provocative local “ghost dances.”
Some American scholars claim that this appreciation of the spectacularized Indians by Rizal and his comrade-partisans functions as the positive “American factor” in which the U.S. was not just a negative but a usable instrument for the reformists. The performance of the commodified Indians was supposed to have stimulated the “masculine solidarity” of the Filipinos in exile, reinforcing their rebellion against the androgynous friars who ruled their homeland. (This argument should not be confused with Howard Dewitt’s view that the Rizal cult helped Filipinos assimilate into mainstream California.) Which “America” is being invoked here? The problem may be located in the confusion of the plight of the subjugated indigenous communities with the Anglo-Saxon Republic and its racializing mission of “Manifest Destiny” that led to the genocidal brutality against the natives themselves as well as against the internally colonized Mexicans, Filipinos, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Hawaiians, and numerous communities in the peripheral dependencies once called the “third world.”
First of all, those Indians participating in the commerical exhibitions were victims of the 1889 military campaign against ghost dancers who were sentenced to a choice between prison or joining the Wild West Show (Ian Frazier, On the Rez, 2000). They were not exactly untamed bodies with free spirits. Moreover, these naive Americanists have also ignored the long Eurocentric tradition (from Montaigne to Rousseau, Chateaubriand, and the romantic writers of Germany and England) of exalting the “noble savage,” a compensatory binary to the demonizing opposite, to which Rizal and his comrades responded sympathetically.
Thus Rizal’s (and other propagandista’s) temporary identification with the “plumed warriors” cannot be understood without this deeply implanted romanticizing framework of mind or sensibility which can mobilize energies for self-emancipation or self-denegation, depending on the political program which it advances. In this case, however, the image of the American Indian was quickly sublimated or absorbed into the larger, more potent Malay subject which became paramount to Rizal during his exile in Dapitan in 1892 when his Borneo project of a “new Calamba” (Rizal’s extrapolation of the “promised land”) was prohibited by the Spanish Governor Despujol.
Ignoring the mechanistic “novelty” of the American experiment, Rizal was truly a man of his time. He preferred Europe and its familiar protocols and decorum —even if he tried to re-live and eulogize the past of his ancestors through his annotations of Judge Morga’s history of pre-Spanish Philippines. It was proof that he had decided on a protracted guerilla strategy: to burrow underground like the “old mole” in enemy territory. We surely cannot fault Rizal for not being able to foresee the slaughter of 1.4 million Filipinos in the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902, nor the massacre of 600 Muslim men, women and children at Mt. Dajo, Jolo, in 1906, and 3,000 Muslim women, men and children at Mt. Bagsak in 1913.
Today the Bangsamoro Nation remembers all these in their struggle for secession, for the right of self-determination, which Rizal himself would support, even though while in Dapitan, Mindanao, he (given his Catholic indoctrination and later his Masonic freethinking) rarely paid attention to his Moro brothers and sisters nearby. Surveilled constantly by spies during his scientific and displinary labors, Rizal was unable to render homage to the Moros’ “free spirit” an instance of which he glimpsed in the packaged spectacle of Buffalo Bill’s American Indians, already a symptom of self-aggrandizing Eurocentrism, self-deceptive decay, and death.
We can understand this omission of the U.S. from the ilustrado consciousness then—unless selected aspects of its “progress” is transported to Europe and other parts of the world as commodified spectacles (via Hollywood movies, Internet ads, etc.). So concentrated were the energies and time of Rizal and his compatriots Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and others on stirring up the conscience of the Spanish public in Madrid and Barcelona that they neglected studying closely the political and economic history of the United States. In their heroic perseverance, they missed the uncanny “signs of the times.” It could not be helped.
And so little did Rizal suspect that the “great American Republic” would be the next executioner of Filipino nationalists and radical democrats, the global gendarme terrorizing subversives such as the New People’s Army combatants, the Moro separatists, Fidel Castro, Zapatistas in Chiapas, the Maoists in Nepal, Hugo Chavez and the Bolivarian Revolution, and so on.
For Rizal and his compatriots, Europe was the fated arena of battle, more specifically Spain. During Rizal’s first sojourn in Europe (1882-1887), social ferment was quietly taking place between the dissolution of the First International Working Men’s Association in 1881 and the founding of the Second International in1889 with Marxism as its dominant philosophy. Marx died in 1883. Meanwhile two volumes of Capital have been published and were being discussed in Europe during Rizal’s first visit to Paris. The second volume of Capital was published in 1885 when Rizal moved to Paris after finishing his studies at the Central University ofMadrid.
Engels was still alive and active, residing in London when Rizal was annotating Morga’s Sucesos at the British Museum in 1888-1889. During his second sojourn (1888-1891), Rizal completed El Filibusterismo published in Ghent, Belgium, in 1891. Meanwhile Engels’ writings, in particular Anti-Duhring (1877-1878), have been widely disseminated in German periodicals and argued over.
The Second International Workers’ Congress organized by Marxists was held in Paris in July 1889. May Day demonstrations for an eight-hour work day started in Europe in 1890. German Social Democracy was thriving. Given his numerous visits to Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, England, and Spain, and his contacts with intellectuals (Blumentritt, Rost, Jagor, Virchow, Ratzel, Meyer, aside from the Spaniards Morayta, Pi y Margall, Becerra, Zorilla, and others), it was impossible for Rizal to escape the influence of the socialist movement and its Spanish anarchist counterpoint. Indeed, a letter (dated 13 May 1891) by his close friend, the painter Juan Luna, conveyed Luna’s enthusiasm over Le socialisme contemporaine by E. de Laveleye, “which is a conflation of the theories of Karl Marx, La Salle, etc; Catholic socialism, the conservative, evangelical,…which stresses the miseries of contemporary society.”
Based on an inspection of Rizal’s library in Calamba and citations in the Epistolario, Benedict Anderson concludes that Rizal had no interest, or awareness, of socialist currents except those filtered through Joris Karl Huysmans. Rizal’s singular modernity, in my view, cannot be so easily Orientalized by U.S. experts like Anderson, Karnow, Glenn May, and their ilk. On the other hand, Anderson’s uncouth reference to the “narrow nativism” and “narrow obsession with America” of Filipino intellectuals will surely delight the Westernized Makati enclave and his acolytes in Diliman and Loyola Heights. Or even those speculating on Rizal’s homosexual tendencies despite his insouciant flirtations with las palomas de baja vuela (as attested to by close companions Valentin Ventura and Maximo Viola). Do we still need such patrons of Rizaliana/Filipiniana at this late date of cynical, coercive globalization?
In his Solidaridad period, Rizal was just beginning to learn the fundamentals of geopolitics. The United States was out of the picture. It is foolish to expect Rizal and his compatriots to know more than what their circumstances and class orientation allowed. Scarcely would Rizal have a clue then that the U.S. control of Filipino sovereignty would continue through the IMF/WB stranglehold of the Philippine economy for over 40 years after nominal independence in 1946, an unprecedented case—the only country so administered for the longest period in history! This can throw some light on the country’s chronic poverty, technological backwardness, clientelist slavishness to Washington, witnessed of late by the export of over 9 million contract workers as “servants of globalization” and the country’s dependence on the 8.5 billion dollars worth of overseas annual remittances to service the humongous foreign debt and the extravagant “indolence” of the few rich families and their politician flunkeys.
One may speculate that Rizal’s memory of his ordeal in San Francisco and New York, had he lived longer, might have resonated beyond his detention in the prison-fortress of Montjuich in Barcelona (where Isabelo de los Reyes was also confined) and influenced the ilustrado circle of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and other supporters of “Benevolent Assimilation” in the early decades of the last century. Its resonance needs a counter-intuitive inventory. In Culture and Imperialism, the Palestinian scholar Edward Said, founder of postcolonial studies, extolled the Malayan author Syed Hussein Alatas for his exemplary anti-imperialist book, The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977).
But Said failed to mention Rizal in his chronicle of decolonizing movements even though Alatas himself acknowledged his great indebtedness to Rizal whose 1890 article, “On the Indolence of Filipinos” published in La Solidaridad, may be considered the pathbreaking discourse of refusal and revolt. Rizal is still the marked absence, lacuna, or silence in the texts of canonical postcolonial and subaltern studies dominating North American/European academies, with the Philippines not even noticed in such scriptural anthologies as The Post-Colonial Studies Reader edited by Bill Ashcroft et al or the recent Postcolonial Studies and Beyond edited by Ania Loomba et al.
Finally, we return to confront once again Rizal’s “Manifesto” of 1896 written in his prison cell in Fort Santiago. Against the gradualist thrust of this “Manifesto” (surely a ruse to gain time) can be counterposed the overwhelming evidence of Rizal’s conviction that where the other party cannot listen to reason, force must be used (while civic education proceeds), with separatist liberation the only ultimate alternative. Padre Florentino’s invocation (“God will provide a weapon…”) was fulfilled in Rizal’s banishment and the replacement of the Liga by the Katipunan. It is enough to cite again Rizal’s resolute determination to give his life for the liberation of his people (in the two letters to his brother and to his family) as well as many confessions to Blumentritt, Ponce, Del Pilar, Fr. Pastells, and others, of his readiness to sacrifice his life for the redemption of the masses. The itinerary of his activities in Europe, Hong Kong, and Dapitan suffice to quell any doubt about his commitment.
Let us recall Rizal’s statement to General Alejandrino: “I will never head a revolution that is preposterous and has no probability of success because I do not like to saddle my conscience with reckless and fruitless bloodshed; but whoever may head a revolution in the Philippines will have me at his side.”
*in LONDON
Lumipat ng̃â si Rizal ng̃ taóng 1889 sa París at doon tumulóy muna sa bahay ng̃ ating calahî at cababayang si G. Valentín Ventura, at bago lumipat sa Rue de Maubergue, bilang 45, sa París dín, at ipinagpatuloy niya roon ang pagcathâ ng̃ Filibusterismo, na canyang pinasimulán na ng̃ siya'y natitirá pa sa Lóndres, at tuloy ipinalimbág niya roon ang librong Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, ni Doctor Antonio de Morga, na canyang nilagyan ng̃ mg̃a paliwanag upang lalong mapagcurong magalíng ng̃ babasa.
Samantala'y waláng licat ang paglaganap sa boong Filipinas ng̃ maraming dahong limbág, na doo'y ipinauunawâ ang sarisaring mg̃a mahahalay at tampalasang cagagawán ng̃ mg̃a fraile sa pagyurac sa dang̃al at pamumuhay ng̃ mg̃a filipino, mg̃a dahong limbàg na ipinamamahagui ng̃ boong lihim sa mg̃a tagarito, at hindî mapagcúrò ng̃ mg̃a cawaní ng̃ Gobierno cung sino ang nagdadalá rito, baga man nakikilalang mg̃a gawâ sa limbagan sa Hongkong, at hinihinalang ang nagpapalimbag doo'y marahil si G. Doroteo Cortés ó si G. José María Basa, na capowâ cababayan natin.
May isáng nagng̃ang̃alang filipinong sumagót ng̃ dahong limbag din sa mg̃a dahong limbag na iyón. Sa sagót ng̃ filipinong yao'y ipinagsasanggaláng ang mg̃a fraile't ang mg̃a castílà, at tinututulan at minámasamâ ang guinágawâ ng̃ mg̃a filipinong na sa Europa, at lalonglalo na ang guinágawâ ng̃ mg̃a sumusulat sa La Solidaridad at ang mg̃a pagbabagong utos na hinihing̃î ng̃ mg̃a magcacapanig sa "Asociación Hispano-Filipina;" hindî raw mabuting dito'y ipagcaloob ang Código político, ang nauucol baga sa mg̃a calayaan sa pamamayan, at hindî raw pakikinabang̃an ng̃ sino man ang magcaroon sa Kapulung̃ang bayan ng̃ España ng̃ mg̃a filipinong tagapakiharáp natin doon, bucod sa canyang inaalimura't ipinalalagay na mg̃a tampalasan ang mg̃a táong dito'y nagcacalát ng̃ mg̃a dahong limbag na laban sa mg̃a fraile at mg̃a castílà.
Nacarating hangang sa Europa ang tutol na iyon, at dî nalao't dito'y dumatíng ang isang masigabong sagot ng̃ mg̃a filipinong na sa París. Ang taglay na fecha ng̃ sagot na iyo'y 10 ng̃ Octubre ng̃ 1889. Sinasapantáhà ng̃ iláng ang sagot na iyo'y gawâ ni Rizal; datapwa't ani G. Mariano Ponce ay hindî raw. Si G. Mariano Ponce ay isa sa lalong mg̃a caibigang matalic ni Rizal.
Nagpasimulâ si G. Antonio Luna ng̃ pagsulat sa La Solidaridad, at ang guinamit niyang pamagat na pangfirma sa canyáng mg̃a ilinalathálà ay "Taga-Ilog," at sa pagca't inúuyat ni "Taga-Ilog" ang iláng mg̃a ugalî ng̃ mg̃a castílá, sumagot sa canya ang páhayagang "El Pueblo Soberano", sa Barcelona, at doo'y pinacacalaitlait ng̃ dî cawásà si G. Juan Luna, sa pagca't waláng̃ boong isip ang mg̃a castílâ cung dî si G. Juan Luna ang pumifirmá ng̃ "Taga-Ilog." Hindî nacatiís si Rizal cung dî ipagsangalang ang cababayan sa isang mainam at bayaning pang̃ang̃atuwiran, na canyáng ilinathálà sa La Solidaridad ng̃ ica 30 ng̃ Noviembre ng̃ 1889. Na sa París ng̃ panahóng iyón si Rizal. Ganito ang wacás ng̃ casagutan niya:
" ...dinaramdam namin ... na ang isáng pamahayagan ng̃ isáng "partido" na may cagalinggaling̃ang mg̃a mithî, na pinacananais na mácamtan ang mg̃a dakilang adhicâ na pamamahala't paglalagdâ ng̃ mg̃a cautusa'y ang pagcacapantaypantay ang guinagamit na saguisag; pagca nauucol na sa filipino'y limutin ang canyang linalandás na asal at gumamit ng̃ pananalitang sa capalalua'y malabis at puspós ng̃ casung̃itan, nasasalig sa camalìan, na wárì mandin ang hinahang̃ad ay ang papagng̃alitin ang mg̃a may tapát na loob na nananahán sa Sangcapuluan, at tila mandin sa canila'y sinasabi: ¡Ha! Howag cayong umasa sa cadalisayan ng̃ talarongtimbang̃an, howag cayong umasang kikilalanin ang inyong mg̃a catowiran, huwag cayong umasa sa pagcahabág: ¡cailan ma'y hindî mangyayaring cami'y inyong maguing capatid! Tunay ng̃a't ibig namin ang Calayaan, ang pagsunod sa Talarongtimbang̃an, ang Pagcacapantaypantay; ng̃uni't ibig naming cami lamang ang magcamit ng̃ tatlong cagaling̃ang ito; tunay ng̃a't ipinaglalaban namin ang icágagaling nang sangcataohan; ng̃uni't ang icagagaling lamang ng̃ sangcataohan sa Europa; hindî lumálampas ang aming pagting̃ín sa daco pa roon; sa pagca't cayo'y mg̃a, lahing marilaw ó caymangui, ¡cayo ng̃â ang bahálà sa inyong sariling catawán! Talagang mabang̃is ang lahát ng̃ mg̃a "partido"—cahi't na ang lalong maiiruguin sa mg̃a calayàan—sa mg̃a taga ibang lupaíng nasasacop ng̃ canicanilang nación. ¡Cung ibig ninyong magtamó ng̃ lubós na catowiran ay inyong hanapin sa pamamag-itan ng̃ pakikibaca."
Naghayag si Rizal ng̃ dalawang casulatang mahahalagá sa La Solidaridad, mula ng̃ Septiembre ng̃ 1890 hangang sa mg̃a unang bowan ng̃ 1891, na ang mg̃a pamagát ay Filipinas dentro de cien años, (calagayan ng̃ Filipinas sa loob ng̃ sandaang taón) at Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos (tungkol sa catamaran ng̃ mg̃a filipino). Sinasaysay ni Rizal sa Filipinas dentro de cien años ang mg̃a caunaunahang nangyari sa Filipinas, ang casalucuyang nangyayari ng̃ panahóng iyon at ang inaacálà niyang mangyayari sa hinaharap. Tungcól sa casalucuyang nangyayari, nagsasalitâ si Rizal ng̃ mg̃a catotohanang masasacláp, ng̃uni't mg̃a dákilang catotohanan.
"Ang pagca maramdamin ang púsò"—ani Rizal—"ang siyang pang̃ulong budhî ng̃ "indio", at sinugatan nila ang pagca maramdaming iyan; at cung natutong manatili sa pag-titiís sa mg̃a hirap at pagcaamis ng̃ búhay sa paanan ng̃ isang bandera ng̃ taga ibang lúpà, sa paglilingcod sa España,[53] hindî nacapagtiís ng̃ makita niyang ang sa caniya'y ibinabayad ng̃ canyang pinaghahayinan ng̃ buhay ay pag-alimura at mg̃a sawíng caasalán (chonggo, pilósopo, filibustero at iba pa). Nang magcágayo'y untiunting hiniwatiga't siniyasat ang canyang calagayan at napagkikila ang canyang anyong cahapishapis (wal-in ang pag-asa magpacailan man, sa canyang catubusan). Ang hindî nang̃ag-aacalà ng̃ ganitóng mangyayari, palibhasa'y nápacalupit na mg̃a pang̃inoon, ipinalagáy niláng paglabág ang anó mang daíng, ang anó mang pagtútol, at camatayan ang siyáng parusang bigáy; pinacsáng lunurin sa dugô ang anó mang sigáw ng̃ paghihírap, at guinawâ ang sunodsunód na pagcacámalì. Datapowa't hindî napagúlat sa ganitó ang budhî ng̃ bayan. At baga man sa íilang púsò lamang napúcaw ang pagdaramdam, ang ning̃as nito'y hindî naglílicat ng̃ marubdob na paglalakit, salamat sa mg̃a catampalasanan at mg̃a masasamang cagagawán ng̃ tang̃ing mg̃a táong nagpupumilit inisín ang mg̃a damdaming mahál at mairuguín. Tulad namán cung narirígkitan ng̃ alab ang suot na damít, ang pagcágulat at pagmamadalî ng̃ pagpapagpag ay siyáng lalong nacapagpaparubdob ng̃ ning̃as, at bawa't isáng pamamayagpag, bawa't isáng paghampás sa ning̃as ay isáng híhip na lalong nagpapaalab."
Mahábà pang lubhâ ang canyáng mg̃a sinaysáy, ng̃uni't ang lalong nacapagtátaca'y ang marami sa canyáng mg̃a sinabi'y naguing isáng panghuhúla, catulad ng̃ mg̃a wicâ niyáng itó:—"Marahil mapag-isipan ng̃ malakíng República Americana ang muha ng̃ sacóp sa mg̃a dacong itó, bagá man hangga ng̃ayo'y walâ siyáng pinakikialamán cung dî ang canyáng mg̃a pag-aaring na sa sa dagat Pacífico at hindî pa ng̃â siya nakikitalamitam sa mg̃a nacucuha ng̃ mg̃a ibáng nación sa Africa."
Sinabi rin niyáng cahi't lubhang payapang loob ang filipino'y mapipilitang ipagpasumalá, sa camatayan ang buhay na puspós ng̃ lait at cahirapan, at gayon ng̃â ang nangyari.
Ipinagsasangalang ni Rizal towî na ang canyang mg̃a caláhì, sa pamamag-itan ng̃ canyang pluma, sa mg̃a paratang at pagpapahirap ng̃ mg̃a fraile at mg̃a castílá, na ano pa't cung aking sasabihin dito ang lahat ng̃ canyang mg̃a guinawa'y hahabà ng̃ dî cawasà ang casaysayang ito, caya't ng̃ dì magcágayo'y isinasamò co sa bumabasang cung totoong ibig niyang matalós na ganap ang buhay ni Rizal at ang canyang mg̃a sinulat, bucod sa Noli me tangere, Filibusterismo at Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, ay adhicain at basahin ang librong dî malalaon at aming ipalilimbag na ang pamagát ay Buhay ni Rizal.
Nalís sa Francia si Rizal at lumipat sa Madrid ng̃ mang̃ang̃alaghatìan na ang Agosto ng̃ 1860, at pagdating niya roo'y pinagod niya ang maraming pahayagan sa calalathálà ng̃ canyáng mg̃a sinusulat sa paglalaban ng̃ catuwiran ng̃ mg̃a filipino.
Minsa'y hindî na nagcasiya si Rizal na pluma na lamang ang gamiting sandata. Naglathálà si Don Wenceslao E. Retana sa páhayagang La Epoca ng̃ ica 16 ng̃ Noviembre ng̃ 1890, ng̃ isang sulat na laban sa mg̃a camag-anac ng̃ ating marilág na capatíd, at kinabucasa'y tumatangap na siya ng̃ dalawang sacsing inutusan ni Rizal, at siya'y ipinahahamon sa isang away na patayan (desafió â muerte). Namag-ita't ng̃ huwag mátuloy ang away na iyon ang dalawang caibigan ni Retana, at binigyang wacás ang gayong pag-aalit sa pamamag-itan ng̃ isang "acta" ó casulatang pinagfirmahanan ng̃ lahat, na doo'y sinasabing walang cahi't munting hang̃ad si Retanang ligaliguin cahi't babahagyâ, ang calooban ni Rizal, at cung sacali't may salitang dapat icamuhî ni Rizal na canyang sinulat ay ipinamamanhic na huwag pansinin at yao'y hindî niya hang̃ad. Si Retana rin ang sa canyang Vida y escritos del Dr. Rizal ay nagsabi ng̃ ganito: "Nang matapos na ang bagay na iyon, isa sa mg̃a kinatawan co, na si Sr. Scheidnagel, manunulat na militar na sa aki'y malaki ang pagguiliw, ay nagsabi sa akin: Nagaalap-ap acong mátuloy ang pag-aaway ninyó; sa pagca't talastas cong totoong magaling ang camáy ni Rizal sa pamamaril, at sacâ hindî marunong malaguím."
Sinabi ng̃ mg̃a pamahayagang castílang "La Correspondencia Alicantina", "El Demócrata," sa Lorca at ibá pa, na cung gaano raw ang cagaling̃ang totoo ng̃ camáy ni Rizal, sa pagpapagalíng ng̃ matá, ay gayon din ang cabutihang magpatámà ng̃ bala; naisusulat niyá sa pader ang canyáng pang̃alan sa pamamag-itan ng̃ mg̃a bála ng̃ pistolang canyáng pinapúputoc. Magalíng din totoong manandata siyá ng̃ espada at sable.
Nang mámasid ni Rizal na hindî niyá masunduan sa Madrid ang maalab na mithî ng̃ canyáng calolowang macapagbigay guinhawa sa Inang Filipinas, bagá man guinagamit niyá ang boong lacás ng̃ canyáng ísip, nanaw siyá roong puspós ng̃ calungcutan, pagcatapos na mailáthalà niyá sa "La Solidaridad" ang canyáng mg̃a pagsisiyasat ng̃ librong "Las luchas de nuestros dias" ni D. Francisco Pí y Margall, at ang canyáng mg̃a sinulat na ang pamagát ay "Como se gabiernan las Filipinas," "A mi.... (musa)" at "Mariang Makiling." Ica 27 ng̃ Enero ng̃ 1891 ng̃ umalís si Rizal sa Madrid na ang tung̃o'y sa París.
Gawa ni G.N. Mariñas
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
(S. Corong)
Collective behaviour refers to the relatively spontaneous and unstructured social behaviour of people who are responding to similar stimuli. It is the type of behaviour that is not guided by group norms. It is collective because it usually takes place among a relatively large number of people.
Various explanation and theoretical formulations have been given to describe collective behaviour. Among these are the convergence perspective, emergent norm perspective, and Smelser’s value added approach. Convergence perspective explains the idea that human behaviour is determined by forces within the individual. These individuals in collective behaviour have common characteristics. The group is considered homogenous and those who gather share the same needs and aspirations. The criticism to this perspective is that the homogeneity of the group is over-simplified as interaction takes place between individuals. Emergent norm perspective states that collective behaviour is not characterized by unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions. Proponents assume that collective behaviour is guided by emergent norms. Smelser’s value added approach notes certain conditions which may bring about collective behaviour. These are the structural conduciveness, which means that there exist certain social conditions for collective behaviour to be possible. Another is the structural strain, which is brought about by a gap between expectations and reality, resulting in conflict or problems. Generalized belief, which is brought about by the inability of participants to define and analyse the problem. Precipitating factors in the form of dramatic events, which may trigger collective response. Mobilization of participants to join the action after the precipitation. The ineffectiveness of the means of social control. Smelser’s approach to collective behaviour can be useful and applicable in the analysis of collective behaviour.
The structural form of collective behaviour is the crowd. Crowd is a temporary collection of people who share a common point of interest. Types of crowd have distinguished by John Shephard. The first one is the casual crowd. A crowd that has the least organized, least emotional, and most temporary type of crowd. Example, members of a casual crowd may gather with others to observe the aftermath of the accident, and to watch someone threatening to jump from a building. Next is the conventional crowd. A crowd that has a specific purpose and follows some existing guidelines defining appropriate behaviour. Example are, people watching a film, and observing tennis and a basketball game. The third is the expressive crowd that has no purpose beyond unleashing emotion. The members are collectively caught up in a dominating, all-encompassing mood of the moment. Free expression of emotion- crying, laughing, jumping – is the main characteristics of this type of crowd. And lastly, the acting crowd that takes some action toward the target. This type concentrates intensely on some objectives and engages in aggressive behaviour to achieve it. There are two major types of acting crowds: mob and riot. Mob is an emotionally stimulated, disorderly crowd that is ready to use destructiveness and violence to achieve a specific purpose. Riot is violent crowd behaviour that is fuelled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target. Riots are often triggered by fear, anger, and hostility, however, not all riots are caused by deep-seated hostility and hatred – people may be expressing joy and exuberance when rioting occurs.
Unlike the crowd, mass is a diffused collectively. It is made up of a number of disparate individuals, each responding independently to the same stimulus. The mass has no social organization, no established leader, no structure of statuses and roles. Mass behaviour may also be observed following a national or international event, a sensational crime trial, a public scandal or dramatic event like kidnapping of foreigners in Palawan in 2001 by Abu Sayyaf members, and the impeachment trial of Pres. Estrada.
Fads are unusual patterns of behaviour that spread rapidly, are embraced zealously, and disappear after a short time. The widespread of popularity of a fad rests largely on its novelty. Whereas, fashions are patterns of behaviour that are widely approved but expected to change periodically. Fashions also come and go in such diverse areas as automobile design, home decoration, architecture, and politics. Crazes are new activities which excite persons who become subsequently preoccupied with these. “Transient infatuation” is the apt phrase to describe a craze. Crazes rapidly generate interest, but are usually very fleeting in duration and the excitement collapse suddenly.
A public is composed of people who are concerned about an issue on which opinions differ. People in public that are not only disagreeing on an issue, but also recognize the right to disgrace and beliefs about an issue is called public opinion. It is the composite of individual opinions as these are communicated to leaders who are empowered to render a decision. Public opinion is the product of collective discussion for decision-making. Mass media plays an important role in the society. Public opinion was influenced by mass media. Public opinion is dependent upon effective media in order to make information and knowledge accessible to the public.
Social movements. This involves a large number of people acting together with some degree of leadership and organization to promote or prevent social change. It is the form of collective behaviour that has the most structure, the longest, and is the most likely to create social change. Social movements may be classified according to their goals or their types. The most common types are the expressive, the resistance and protest, the reform, and the revolutionary movements. The expressive movement is a form of dissent against the existing power structure. It is not directed to bring about change in power relations; rather, it is a reaction to a sense of powerlessness or alienation and dissatisfaction. The resistance movement is brought about by structural strain; it aims to change existing social values and institutions which members consider decadent. Protest movement aims to oppose social policies or programs. They are an expression of dissent and a need for change. Reform movements are directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure or a segment of the power relations in a social system. They usually aim to make the existing social structure work more effectively by extending rights or privileges to certain group. Revolutionary movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership. They challenge the existing folkways and mores and propose a new scheme of norms, values, and organization.
LIFE OF RIZAL FROM U.S.A TO PARIS AND LONDON (KRISTINE R. GODOY TF11:30 TO 1:00)
Rizal had to leave Philippines and his family and friends the second time because his presence in Calamba or in the country was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends and he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries.
According to Rizal, as what he has told to Blumentritt on a letter, Hong Kong is a small but very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus, English Chinese and Jews live in it. There are also some Filipinos who live in it.
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were: the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories; the drive and energy of the American people; the high standard of living; and the opportunities for better life offer to poor immigrants. One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but do not practice.
He chose London to be his new home for three reasons: to improve his knowledge of the English language; to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum; and London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
Rizal being a man of normal emotions, found exhilarating joy in Gertrude’s company. Their friendship drifted towards romance.
Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs which gave him access to the documents and materials at the British Museum and to Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. And besides, the Beckett home in which he was residing was near the British Museum.
Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in the judgment and unmarred by childish fantasies.
Rizal spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum poring over the pages of this books and labourisly reading the old histories of the Philippines.
kuchi macabata
MW 11:30-1:00
Rizals Impression of America
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing, industries, and busy factories; (2) the drive and energy of the American people; (3) the natural beauty of the land; (4) the high standard of living; and (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but do not practice. Thus he wrote to Ponce: “They do not have true civil liberty. In some states the Negro cannot marry a White woman, nor a White man a Negress. Hatred against the Chinese leads to difficulty for other Asiatics who, like the Japanese, are mistaken for Chinese by the ignorant, and therefore being disliked, too”. He also said that America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites.
London as Rizal’s second home
After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March 1889. he chose this English city to be his new home for three reasons: (1) to improve his knowledge of the English language, (2) to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum, and (3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
Romance with Gertrude Beckett
Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sisters- Gertude, Gettie, as she was affectionately called, was a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks. She fell in love with Rizal. On cold winter mornings she had a sunny smile for him, chattering gaily like a humming bird. During the family picnics, she was particularly very happy because Rizal was with them and she gave him all her attention. And in rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, she helped him by mixing his colors for painting or assisted in preparing the clay for sculpturing. Rizal, being a man of normal emotions, found exhilarating joy in Gertrude’s company. Their friendship drifted towards romance, Rizal affectionately called her “Gettie”, in reciprocation, and she fondly called him “Pettie.”
Access to the British Museum
On May 25, 1888, a day after docking at Liverpool, Rizal went to London and there he found a modest boarding place at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill. He was a boarder of the Beckett family. The Beckett home was to Rizal conveniently located. It was near the public parks and was within easy walking distance to the British Museum where he expected to do much research work. Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character, and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum and so Rizal was able to gain access to the historical documents and materials of the British Museum.
Annotating Morga’s Book
The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was the annotating of Morga’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands) which was published in Mexico, 1609. He spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum poring over the pages of this book and laboriously reading the old histories of the Philippines, such as those written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Colin, Fr. Argensola. Fr. Plasencia, etc. of all written histories published during the early years of the Spanish regime, that of Dr. Morga was, in his considered opinion, the best.
Insights of Blumentritt from Rizal’s New Edition of Morga’s Sucesos
Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship. However, he frankly censured Rizal for two things which revealed Rizal’s errors, namely: (1) Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events on the past in the light of the present standards and (2) Rizal’s attacks on the Church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to mean that Catholicism is bad. Thus Blumentritt said: “The high estimation of your notes does not prevent me from confessing that more than once, I observed that you participate in the error of many modern historians, who judge events of centuring past, in the light of concepts that correspond to contemporary ideas. This should not be. The historian should not impute to the men of the 16th century the wide horizon of ideas that move the 19th century. The second point with which I am not in agreement has to do with some of your fulminations against Catholicism. I believe that not in religion but in cruel method and the abuses of many priests should we look for the origin of many events lamentable for religion, for Spain, and for the good name of the European race.
Rizal’s New Edition of Morga’s Sucesos according to:
Content
In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of Spain. They had clothes, government, laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences and commerce with neighboring Asian nations. Rizal thus blasted the historical heresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and was of low mentality.
Categories of notes included
The categories of notes included were splendid and astounding. It showed his familiarity with the basic principles of historiography. He did not assert anything on his own, he cited texts to validate it.
Main Propositions
Notwithstanding the two blemishes of Rizal’s work it is a marvelous piece of historiography. Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgement and unmarred by childish fantasies.
Short visit to Paris and Spain
Early in September, 1888, he visited Paris for a week in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife who proudly showed him their little son Andres. After poring over the old books and manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to London. On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He contracted his compatriots and surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for Philippine reforms. For the first time, he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of the Propaganda Movement. He exchanged ideas with these new friends and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
Rizal becomes leader of Filipinod in Europe
While busy in his historical studies in London, Rizal learned that the Filipino in Barcelona was planning to establish a patriotic society which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms. This society, called Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), was inaugurated on December 31, 1888, with the following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Santa Maria, secretary; Mariano Ponce, treasurer; and Jose Ma. Panganiban; accountant By unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen honorary president. This was recognition of his leadership among all Filipino patriots in Europe.
Writings in London
While busy in research studies at the British Museum, Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez’ unabated attack on his Noli. In defense, he wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez) which was published in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume Dimas Alang. This opus a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between St. Augustine told Fr. Rodriguez that he (St. Augustine) was commissioned by God to tell him of his stupidity and inform him of his penance on earth that he shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Rizal demonstrated two things: (1) his profound knowledge of religion and (2) his biting satire. In London, Rizal wrote the famous “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” in Tagalog. He penned it, upon the request of M.H. del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish priest of Malolos. The main points of this letter were: (1) a Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind; (2) the Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland; (3) a Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor; (4) a Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; and (5) Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals and good manners. Dr. Rost, editor of Trubner’s Record, a journal devoted to Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute some articles. In response to his request, the latter prepared two articles – (1) “Specimens of Tagalog Folklore” which was published in the journal in May, 1889; and (2) “Two Eastern Fables”, published in June, 1889.
“Rizal’s Life from America to London” (Pam Francisco)
MW 11:30 – 1:00
Rizal had positive and negative impressions of the United States during his stay in the place. The positive impressions were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, and busy factories; (2) the drive and energy of the American people; (3) the natural beauty of the land; (4) the high standard of living; and (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. The negative impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. The America had practiced the racial discrimination most of the time. There existed racial prejudice which was considered inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but they fail to implement. In short, Rizal quoted “America is the land par excellence of freedom, but only for the whites.”
After visiting the United States, Rizal decided to live in London from May 1888 to March 1889. He chose this English city to be his new and second home for three reasons: (1) to improve his knowledge of the English Language, (2) to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum, and (3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fights against Spanish tyranny. In London, he engaged in Filipiniana studies, completed annotating Morga’s book, wrote many articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish critics, penned a famous letter to the young women of Malolos, carried on his voluminous correspondence with Blumentritt and relatives, and had a romance with Gertrude Beckett.
Rizal went to London on May 25, 1888. For a short time, he stayed as a guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor. By the end of May, he found a modest boarding place at No.37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill. He became a boarder of the Beckett family. The Becketts were Mr. Beckett; organist of St. Paul’s Church, Mrs. Beckett (his wife), two sons and four daughters. The oldest of the Beckett sisters was Gertrude, called “Gettie” or “Tottie” by her friends. This new home was conveniently located to Rizal because it was near the public parks and was within easy walking distance to British Museum where he expected to do much research work.
Rizal was able to have access to the historical materials and documents at the British Museum because he came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the Librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed Rizal’s learning and character and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum. He called Rizal as “a pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre). Rizal spent much of his time in the British Museum poring over the pages of Morga’s book and other rare historical works on the Philippines. He also frequently visited Dr. Regidor and discussed with him problems pertaining to Philippine affairs. He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Rost, with whom he had many pleasant discussions on Linguistics.
The greatest achievement of Jose Rizal in London was annotating of Morgan’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands) which was published in Mexico, 1609. It was printed by Garnier Freres and the prologue was written by Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, upon the request of Rizal. He annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgment, and unmarred by childish fantasies. Rizal dedicated this new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know of their glorious past. Rizal spent many days reading room of the British Museum poring over the pages of this book and laboriously reading the old stories of the Philippines, such as those written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Cholin, Fr. Argensola, Fr. Plasencia, etc. of all the written histories published during the early years of the Spanish regime, that of Dr. Morga was in his considered opinion, the best. He also stated in his letter Blumentritt that Morga’s work is an excellent book; and considered Morga as a modern scholarly explorer; he does not have the superficiality and exaggeration are found among Spaniards today: he writes very simply, but one has to read between the lines.
In his prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship. However, he frankly censured Rizal for two things which revealed Rizal’s errors, namely: (1) Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in the light of present standards and (2) Rizal’s attacks on the church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to mean that Catholicism is bad.
Rizal’s new edition of Morga’s Sucesos was a very intellectual work but somehow there were errors revealed in it. The content is really good but Rizal partly judge events catering the past that a writer should not focus on. A writer should not impute the wide horizon of the past. In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipino were already civilized before the advent of the Spain. They had clothes, government, laws, writings, literature, religion, arts, sciences and commerce with neighboring Asian nations. Rizal also blasted the historical heresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and of low mentality. But through it all, the new edition of Morga’s Sucesos was considered a magnificent one. It was full of nationalistic propositions and precise events that made the readers support it.
Early in September 1888, Rizal visited Paris for a week, in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife named Paz Pardo de Tavera, who proudly showed him their little son Andres. After poring over the old books and manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to London. On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He contacted his compatriots surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for Philippine reforms. For the first time, he met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of the Propaganda Movement. He exchanged ideas with these new friends and promises to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona were planning to establish a patriotic society which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms even though he is busy in historical studies in London. This society was called Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association) which was inagurated on December 31, 1888, with the following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Sta. Maria, secretary; Mariano Ponce, treasurer; and Jose Ma. Panganiban, accountant. By the unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen as honorary president. This was the recognition of his leadership among Filipino patriots in Europe.
While busy in research in studies at the British Museum, Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez’ unabated attack on his Noli. In defense, he wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez) which was published in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume Dimas Alang. This opus is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between St. Augustine and Fr. Rodriguez. St. Augustine told Fr. Rodriguez that he was commissioned by God to tell him of his stupidity and inform him of his penance on earth that he shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Rizal demonstrated two things: (1) his profound knowledge of religion and (2) his biting satire. In London, Rizal wrote the famous “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” (February 22, 1889) in Tagalog. He penned it, upon the request of M.H.del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. The main points of this letter were: (1) a Filipino mother should teach her child Love of God, fatherland, and mankind; (2) the Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland; (3) a Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues and (5) faith is not merely renting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals and manners. Dr. Rost, editor of Trubner’s Record, a journal devoted to Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute some articles. In response to his request, the latter prepared two articles: (1) “Specimens of Tagal Folklore” which was published in the journal in May 1889; and (2) “Two Eastern Fables”, published in June 1889.
RIZALS’S LIFE FROM AMERICA TO LONDON
(Z.J.F.Arrieta)
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were: (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, and busy factories; (2) the drive and energy of the American people; (3) the natural beauty of the land; (4) the high standard of living; and (5) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but do not practise.
He chose this English city to be his new home for three reasons:(1) to improve his knowledge of the English language, (2) to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum, and (3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sisters – Gertrude, Gettie, as she was affectionately called, was a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks. On cold winter mornings she had a sunny smile for him, chattering gaily like a humming bird. And in rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, she helped him by mixing his colors for painting or assisted in preparing the clay for sculpturing. Rizal, being a man of normal emotions, found exhilarating joy in Gertrude’s company. Their friendship drifted towards romance. Rizal affectionately called her “Gettie,” in reciprocation, she fondly called him “Pettie.”
Rizal was able to have access in British Museum because Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character, and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum. He called Rizal “a pearl of man” (una perla de hombre).
Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgement, and unmarred by childish fantasies. Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know of their glorious past. Rizal spent much of his time in the British Museum poring over the pages of Morga’s Sucesos and other rare historical works on the Philippines. And he laboriously reads old histories of the Philippines, such as those written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Colin, Fr. Argensola, Fr. Plasencia, etc.
Early in September, 1888, Rizal visited Paris for one week, in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. After poring over the old books and manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to London. On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He contacted his compatriots and surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for Philippine reforms.
Asociacion La Solidaridad established in Barcelona by the Filipino expatriates because while Rizal was busy in his historical studies in London, Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona were planning to establish a patriotic society which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms. This society, called Asociacion La Solidaridad, was inaugurated on December 31, 1888, with the following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Santa Maria, secretary; Mariano Ponce, treasurer; and Jose Ma. Panganiban, accountant.
Rizal’s Life From America To London
(J.J.M.Oria)
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, and busy factories; the drive and energy of the American people; the natural beauty of the land; the high standard of living; and the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much about but do not practice. One time, he was asked what impressions does he have of America and he answered “America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites.”
After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March, 1889. He chose this English city to be his new home for three reasons: to improve his knowledge of the English language, to study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the British Museum, and London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.
By the end of May, he found a modest boarding place at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill. He was a boarder of the Beckett family. The Becketts were Mr. Beckett, organist of St. Paul’s Church, Mrs. Beckett, two sons and four daughters. The oldest of the Beckett sisters was Gertrude, called “Gettie” or “Tottie” by her friends. Rizal had a romantic interlude with her. She was a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks. She fell in love with Rizal. On cold winter mornings she had a sunny smile for him, chattering gaily like a humming bird. During the family picnics, she was particularly very happy because Rizal was with them and she gave him all her attention. And in rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, she helped him by mixing his colors for painting or assisted in preparing the clay for sculpturing.
Rizal, being a man of normal emotions, found exhilarating joy in Gertrude’s company. Their friendship drifted toward romance. As their flirtation was fast approaching the point of no return, Rizal suddenly realized that he could not marry Gettie for he had a mission to fulfill in life.
The Beckett home was to Rizal conveniently located. It was near the public parks and was within easy walking distance to the British Museum where he expected to do much research work.
Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character, and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British Museum. Rizal spent much of his time in the British Museum poring over the pages of Morga’s Sucesos and other rare historical work on the Philippines, such as those written by Fr. Chirino. Fr. Colin, Fr. Argensola, Fr. Plasencia, etc.
In a letter to Blumentritt, dated September 17, 1888, Rizal said: “Morga’s work is an excellent book; it can be said that Morga is a modern scholarly explorer. He does not have the superficiality and exaggeration which are found among Spaniards today: he writes very simply, but one has to read between the lines…”
Early in September, 1888, he visited Paris for a week, in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife (Paz Pardo De Tavera), who proudly showed him their little son Andres (nickname Luling). After poring over the old books and manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to London.
On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He contacted his compatriots and surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for the Philippine reforms. For the first time, he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of the Propaganda Movement. He exchange ideas with these new friends and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.
Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), was inaugurates on December 31, 1888, with the following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Santa Maria, secretary; Mariano Ponce, treasurer; and Jose Ma. Panganiban, accountant. By unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen honorary president. This was a recognition of his leadership among all Filipino patriots in Europe. It was established in Barcelona probably to assure the secrecy of their association.
While busy in the research studies at the British Museum, Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez’ unabated attack on his Noli. In defense, he wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez) which was published in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume Dimas Alang. This opus is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between St. Augustine and Fr. Rodriguez. St. Augustine told Fr. Rodriguez that he was commissioned by God to tell him of his stupidity and inform him of his penance on earth that he shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In this writing, Rizal demonstrated two things: his profound knowledge of religion and his biting satire.
In London, Rizal wrote the famous “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” (February 22, 1889) in Tagalog. He penned it, upon the request of M.H. del Pila to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish, despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish priest of Malolos. The main points of this letter were: a Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and mankind; the Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons for the defense of the fatherland; a Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor; a Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; and Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals and good manners.
Dr. Rost, editor of Trubner’s Record, a journal devoted to Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute some articles. In response to his request, the latte prepared two articles- “Specimens of Tagal Folklore” which was published in the journal in May, 1889; and “Two Eastern Fables”, published in June, 1889.
The Positive impressions Rizal had of the U.S. are as follows: The material progress of the country also show in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories. Second, the drive and energy of the American people which I concluded that this is how busy the Americans was for work. Third, is the natural beauty of the land. Fourth, is the high standard of living and lastly is the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants while the Negative one are the named or racial prejudice which is the discrimination treatment of the Chinese and Negros by the White Americans or rather I say the lack of racial equality, the existed racial prejudice which was inconsstent with the principles of democracyand freedom up which the Americans talk so much but do not practice.
Rizal choose London to be his second home during his second journey to Europe which is also called as English City for such three reasons; First, is to improve his knowledge of the English Language. Second, is to study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas it is a rare copy of which he heard to be available in British Meseum and Lastly, London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spaniards Tyranny.
Rizal became attracted to Gertrude Beckette which he called a buxon English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and rosy cheeks and because Rizals fond exhilarating joy in Gertrude's company. Rizal fonndly called Gertrude as "Pettie" instead of "Gettie". Also Gertrude Beckette give all her attention to Rizal, helping Rizal mixing his color for paintings or assisted in preparations the day for sculpturing.
Rizal able to have access to the (Phil.) historical material and documents at the British Museum by the help of Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan Laguages and Customs. He (Dr. Rost) also the one who recommend Rizal to the authorities of the British Museum because Dr. Rost was impress by Rizal's learning and character that is the rea son why Rizal was recomend to the authorities of british Museum.
Rizal Annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas reason was in defense of his people against Spaniards Critics and of course the preparation in order to annotate the Morga's Book was he sepnt many day in the reading room of the British Museum poring over the pages of this book and laboriously reading the old histories of the Philippines such as those written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Cobin, Fr. Argensila, Fr. Placencia and all written histories published during the aerly years of the Spanish Regime. But he considered Dr. Morga's opinion was the best.
Rizal visited Paris "for a week in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale" and he was entertained by Juan Luna and his wife who proudly showed him their litte son Andres (nickname LULU) after poring over the old books and manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, he returned to London. He also visited Madrid forhim to survey the Political situation with regards to the Agitation for Philippines Reforms and for the first time he met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, the two titans of the Propaganda Movement which he exchange ideas wiht this two titans and promise to cooperate in the fighting reforms.
Association La Solaridad established in Barcelona by the Filipino Esphatide who were its officer just because it aims were as follows: First, to work peacefully for Political ans Social reforms. Second, to portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy them. Third, to oppose the evil traces of reactions and medievalism.Fourth, to advocate liberal ideas and progress and lastly, to champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness.
The other literary words written by Rizal while he was in London are: In defense for the unabated attack on his Noli he wrote a pamphlet entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez(The Vision of Fray Rodrigues) which he demonstrated two things First is his profound knowledge of Religion and second is his biting satire. He also wrote the famous "Letter to the Young Women in Malolos" to praise the young ladies of malolos for their courage to established a school where they could learn Spanish which his main points of this letter were the following: First, a Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland and mankind. Second, a filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland. Third, a Filipino women should know how to reserve her dignity and honor.Fourth, a Filipino women should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues and lastly the faith is not merely reciting by prayers and avory religious pictures but rather it is living the real christian way, with good morals and good manners. For the last literarywas Rizal prepare two articles which he requested to contribute in Trubness a journal devoted to Asian studies by Dr. Rost and these are the Specimens of Tagal Folklore - Published in the Journal May 1889 and the other one is the Two Eastern Fables - publish in June 19, 1889.
That is all I can post for the Life of Rizal from America and London.(",) Good Evening
1. What is the significance of proclamation of the independence of the Philippines in 1898?Aguinaldo's capitulation and oath of allegiance to the U.S. in April, 1901, brought peace. It merited the establishment of American civil government all over the islands, beginning on July 4, 1901.As the guns fell silent, American troops initiated their mission of educating the Filipinos. Soon, hundreds of American civilians arrived in Manila as teachers. The United States established an efficient public school system all over the archipelago. Schools were built and the training of Filipinos as teachers and government employees ensued with intensity. Health and sanitation facilities were rushed. Hospitals, clinics, and medical services mushroomed. The construction of roads, bridges and seaports began in earnest. American tutored and guided Filipino leaders in the art and technique of modem government and elections from the local levels to the national echelons of service. The Legislature was formed and it soon passed into Filipino hands. The Supreme Court, the general judiciary system, police and executive bureaus were largely Filipinized.Stage presentations dealing with nationalism and independence, as well as newspapers, was closed down by the police. Authors were hunted, arrested and jailed.
2. Is the separation of the church and state necessary as mentioned in the Malolos Constitution?Yes. The separation of the church and state is necessary as mentioned in Malolos Constitution because The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all religions, as well as the separation of the Church and the State.
3. Discuss the reasons behind the Filipino-American war
The American insistence on the evacuation by Aguinaldo’s army the strategic points along the Manila Bay area, the refusal to enter the city after its surrender, and the American limitation of the areas to be occupied by the Filipino troops after the mock battle of manila, led progressively to the deterioration of Filipino-American relations. The misunderstandings that followed these incidences climaxed in the signing of the treaty of Paris without consultation with the Filipinos.
4. What were the cultural changes brought about by the Americans to the Filipinos?
-Progress in Education
-Public Health and Welfare
-Trade, Commerce, and Industry.
-Transportation and communication
-Individual Freedoms.
-Political Consciousness
-Language and Literature.
5 How did President Manuel L Quezon implement the social justice program under his administration?
Quezon had to commit himself and his Nationalista Party to a platform that emphasized justice for the tao.
1. What is the significance of proclamation of the independence of the Philippines in 1898?Aguinaldo's capitulation and oath of allegiance to the U.S. in April, 1901, brought peace. It merited the establishment of American civil government all over the islands, beginning on July 4, 1901.As the guns fell silent, American troops initiated their mission of educating the Filipinos. Soon, hundreds of American civilians arrived in Manila as teachers. The United States established an efficient public school system all over the archipelago. Schools were built and the training of Filipinos as teachers and government employees ensued with intensity. Health and sanitation facilities were rushed. Hospitals, clinics, and medical services mushroomed. The construction of roads, bridges and seaports began in earnest. American tutored and guided Filipino leaders in the art and technique of modem government and elections from the local levels to the national echelons of service. The Legislature was formed and it soon passed into Filipino hands. The Supreme Court, the general judiciary system, police and executive bureaus were largely Filipinized.Stage presentations dealing with nationalism and independence, as well as newspapers, was closed down by the police. Authors were hunted, arrested and jailed.
2. Is the separation of the church and state necessary as mentioned in the Malolos Constitution?Yes. The separation of the church and state is necessary as mentioned in Malolos Constitution because The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all religions, as well as the separation of the Church and the State.
3. Discuss the reasons behind the Filipino-American war
The American insistence on the evacuation by Aguinaldo’s army the strategic points along the Manila Bay area, the refusal to enter the city after its surrender, and the American limitation of the areas to be occupied by the Filipino troops after the mock battle of manila, led progressively to the deterioration of Filipino-American relations. The misunderstandings that followed these incidences climaxed in the signing of the treaty of Paris without consultation with the Filipinos.
4. What were the cultural changes brought about by the Americans to the Filipinos?
-Progress in Education
-Public Health and Welfare
-Trade, Commerce, and Industry.
-Transportation and communication
-Individual Freedoms.
-Political Consciousness
-Language and Literature.
5 How did President Manuel L Quezon implement the social justice program under his administration?
Quezon had to commit himself and his Nationalista Party to a platform that emphasized justice for the tao.
Rizal
MW / 8:30-10am
1.What are the impressions of Rizal in U.S.?
Positive impressions
-Material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, farms, industries
-Energy of the American people
-Natural beauty of the land
-High standard of living
-Opportunities for better life
Negative impression
-Racial Inequality
2.Why did he choose London to be his 2nd home during his 2nd journey to Europe?
-To improve his knowledge of English
-To study and annotate Morga Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
-Safe place for him to carry on his fight against tyranny
3.Why did Rizal become attracted to the family of Beckett?
-Her family is harmonius and hospitable.
4.How Rizal was able to help access to the historical material and documents at Brit. Museum?
-Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, librarian of the ministry of foreign affairs and an authority on Malayan languages and customs. Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal’ character and was called “A pearl of a man”.
5.Why did he annotate Morga Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas? What preparation did he undertake for this?
-He spent many days in the reading room of the Brit Museum poring over the pages of this book and laboriously reading the old history of the Philippines.
-Morga’s work is an excellent book, it can be said that the Morga is a modern scholarly explorer. He does not have the superficiality and exaggeration which are found among Spaniards today.
6.Why was association La Solidaridad established in Barcelona by Filipino? Who were its officers?
-So they can write / publish freely to fight the Spaniards
-Galicano Apacible, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Manuel Santa Maria, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban.
7.What were other literary works written by Rizal while he was in London? Describe each briefly.
-La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodeiguez)
His profound knowledge of religion and biting satire.
-Letter to the young women of Malolos
Filipino Mother should teacher children love of God, Father land and mankind
Filipino women should know how to preserve her dignity and honor sculptural
-Prometheus Bond
-Triumph of death over love
-Triumph of science over death
My Report
Rizal
MW / 8:30-10am
Chapter 13 : Summary
Rizal’s Visit to the United States (1888)
Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this great country was marred by racial prejudice, for he saw this discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negroes by the white Americans. He kept notes of what he observed during his trip from San Francisco to New York, where he took a ship for England. From his notes and his letters to his friends, we get a wealth of first-hand impressions of America, some of which were rather unfavorable but true. Rizal was a man of truth, and he wrote what he had seen and experienced.
Arrival in San Francisco
The steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on Saturday morning, April 28, 1888. All passengers were not allowed to land. The American health authorities placed the ship under quarantine on the ground that it came from the Far East where the cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging. Rizal was surprised because he knew there was no cholera epidemic at that time in the Far East. He joined the other passengers in protesting the unjustifiable action of the health authorities.
The American consul in Japan had given the ship a clean bill of health, and the British Governor of Hong Kong certified to the absence of cholera cases in China.
He soon discovered that the placing of the ship under quarantine was motivated by politics. After a week of quarantine, all first-class passengers, including Rizal, were permitted to land. But the Chinese and Japanese passengers of the second and third-class accommodations were forced to remain on board for a longer quarantine period.
Rizal Stayed in San Francisco for two days – May 4 to 6, 1888
Across the American Continent
May 6, 1888, Rizal boarded the train for his trip across the continent. He took his supper at Sacramento.
May 7, 1888, He woke and had a good breakfast at Reno, Nevada, now glamorized by American high-pressure propaganda as “The Biggest Little City in the World”
May 8, 1888, On a beautiful morning. They stop from place to place and near Ogden. The 3rd state they’ve passed so far is in Utah State.
May 9, 1888, They passed through the mountains and rocks along a river, the river is noisy and its noise gives life to the lifeless territory. They woke up at Colorado, the 5th state they’ve crossed over.
May 10, 1888, They woke up in Nebraska. The country is a plain. We reached Omaha, a big city. The biggest city since they left San Francisco.
May 11, 1888, They woke up in Chicago. The country is cultivated. What Rizal observed in Chicago is that every cigar store has an Indian figure, and always different.
May 12, 1888, We were proceeding in a fine day. The country is beautiful and well populated. They arrived at the English territory in the afternoon and they saw the Niagara Falls there in Canada.
May 13, 1888, They woke up near Albany. This is a big city. The Hudson River which runs along carries many boats. They crossed over a bridge. The landscape is beautiful.
They’ve reached New York, thus ending the trip across the American continent. He stayed for three days in the city which he called “Big town”. He visited scenic and historic places.
May 16, 1888, He left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome. According to Rizal, this steamer was the second largest ship in the world, the largest being the Great Eastern. He saw with thrilling sensation the colossal statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island as his ship steamed out of New York Harbor.
Rizal’s Impression of America
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions were the material progress of the country as shown in great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries, and busy factories; The drive and energy of the American people; The natural beauty of the land; The high standard of living; The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality. There existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the principles of democracy and freedom of which the Americans talk so much but do not practice. Thus he wrote to Ponce: “They do not have true civil liberty. In some states the Negro cannot marry a White woman, nor a White man a Negress. Hatred against the Chinese leads to difficulty for other Asiatics who, like the Japanese, are mistaken for Chinese by the ignorant, and therefore being disliked, too.”
Reaction
Rizal’s visit to America seems to be a tour. There’s no agenda or real motive during his visit to the known country in the world. It doesn’t surprise me about what Rizal’s impression of America. It is true that America is a land of opportunity since a lot of us here in the country likes to go abroad to have a better living. But in Rizals comment about America regarding racial prejudice is really a big deal since most of the people who want to have a good life in there can not move freely because of the discrimination.
Learning about Rizal’s trip to America looks tiring because he have to travel for how many days boarded in a train, they have certain to stops, and he took advantage of it to see the beautiful landscape and scenery of the great country. Unfortunately, his trip to America was brief, I think he wanted to explore more about its beauty but for all we know, he has a lot of things to attend to. Some parts of America still have some racial prejudice that makes it hard to some people who are taking risks to get a good life.
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